layerzero

Masa (also known as Masa Finance, later rebranded as Gopher) is a Web3 data and identity protocol that launched a soulbound token standard on Ethereum in 2023 before pivoting to a decentralized AI data network. The MASA token, sold via CoinList in March 2024 at $0.079 and hitting an all-time high of approximately $0.4697 on its April 11, 2024 listing date, subsequently collapsed by over 99.9% to trade near $0.00002 by mid-2026. ZachXBT publicly accused the project of concealing a six-figure security exploit in September 2024, which the team later confirmed only after the allegation was made public.

Tapioca DAO is an omnichain DeFi money market built on LayerZero, offering a CDP stablecoin (USDO) and isolated lending markets (Singularity/Big Bang) across Arbitrum and BNB Chain. On October 18, 2024, the protocol suffered a critical security breach when a team member was targeted by a social engineering attack attributed to North Korea's Contagious Interview campaign, resulting in private key compromise, drainage of TAP token vesting contracts, and the minting of 5 quintillion USDO. Approximately $4.4–4.7 million was stolen before a partial counter-exploit recovered roughly 996 ETH (~$2.7 million), leaving the protocol treasury down approximately 45% and the TAP token price collapsed over 95%.

KelpDAO is a liquid restaking protocol built on EigenLayer, founded in 2023, that issues rsETH as a yield-bearing liquid restaking token. On April 18, 2026, attackers attributed to North Korea's Lazarus Group (TraderTraitor / UNC4899) exploited a single-point-of-failure DVN configuration on KelpDAO's LayerZero bridge to drain 116,500 rsETH worth approximately $292 million — the largest single DeFi exploit of 2026. The attack triggered $13.21 billion in DeFi TVL outflows within 48 hours and precipitated an industry-wide bailout coalition called DeFi United, which ultimately restored rsETH to full backing by May 25, 2026.