Audit log

Every state-changing event for Kaspa: moderation decisions on community submissions, plus corrections and updates from the news pipeline. URL-based decisions carry three independent witnesses — the original source, an Internet Archive snapshot taken at submission time, and a Solana memo signed by our publicly-disclosed publisher key.

1. #1publishby system:backfill

   2026-05-14 06:03:08Z
   Score: ? → ? (no score change)
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   ●mainnet-betaslot 419,629,088

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   3PHyTUg6BvCc…6sWqdBpzcopyexplorer ↗

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   5mHoHb1aKqZH…Q9iASqcRcopysha256 → base58

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   {"actor":"system:backfill","investigation_id":"2286f6e9-0799-45fe-855c-afa4281fab8f","kind":"publish","page_slug":"kaspa","published_at":"2026-05-14T06:03:08.335Z","sequence_num":1,"snapshot":{"content_type":"investigation","entity_name":"Kaspa","sections":[{"content":"Kaspa operates on a blockDAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) rather than a traditional linear blockchain. In conventional proof-of-work systems such as Bitcoin, blocks mined in parallel to the main chain are orphaned and discarded. The GHOSTDAG protocol, formalized in academic research by Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar, instead retains parallel blocks and orders them into a consistent ledger, enabling higher throughput while preserving the security guarantees of Nakamoto consensus. The core claim of the GHOSTDAG approach is that it resolves the blockchain trilemma — security, scalability, and decentralization — without sacrificing any axis. Following the Crescendo hard fork, which activated on the mainnet in May 2025, the network processes 10 blocks per second (10 BPS), up from 1 BPS at launch. A longer-term target of 100 BPS is planned for approximately 2027. The mining algorithm is kHeavyHash, a variant of the HeavyHash algorithm that sandwiches matrix multiplication between two Keccak (SHA-3) hashes. kHeavyHash was designed to allow GPU and FPGA mining while not prohibiting ASIC development outright; the project's stated philosophy is to prevent ASIC dominance rather than ASIC existence entirely. The codebase was originally written in Go (Golang) and was rewritten in Rust beginning in 2022 under the community-funded Rusty Kaspa initiative. The stable Rust implementation became the recommended network client in May 2024. A further consensus upgrade, DAGKnight, is planned as a parameterless generalization of GHOSTDAG that adapts confirmation times to real-time network latency rather than requiring a fixed delay parameter; it targets 30,000 TPS and was published as an academic paper in October 2022.","heading":"Technical Architecture: GHOSTDAG and blockDAG","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Features — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/features/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"What is GHOSTDAG and DAGKNIGHT? — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/what-is-ghostdag-and-dagknight/"},{"credibility":1,"name":"The DAGKnight Protocol: A Parameterless Generalization of Nakamoto Consensus — ePrint","type":"research","url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1494.pdf"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Updates to Crescendo and 10BPS — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"KHeavyHash Algorithm Explained — CryptoMinerBros","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.cryptominerbros.com/blog/what-is-kheavyhash-algorithm/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Rusty Kaspa GitHub Repository","type":"official","url":"https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa"}]},{"content":"Yonatan Sompolinsky is an Israeli computer scientist and the principal founder of Kaspa. He earned his undergraduate degree in computer science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he completed a Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. Aviv Zohar. His doctoral research produced the GHOST protocol (Greedy Heaviest Observed SubTree), which influenced Ethereum's early design, as well as the SPECTRE and PHANTOM/GHOSTDAG consensus algorithms. He conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University. Prior to founding Kaspa, Sompolinsky co-founded DAGLabs in 2018 as an R&D entity to commercialize the GHOSTDAG protocol. He is a named co-author on the DAGKnight whitepaper alongside Michael Sutton (a core Kaspa developer). Sompolinsky's academic credentials and publication record are verifiable through standard academic channels, and his technical contributions to blockchain research predate Kaspa by several years.","heading":"Founder Background: Yonatan Sompolinsky","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Yonatan Sompolinsky — IQ.wiki","type":"other","url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/yonatan-sompolonsky"},{"credibility":3,"name":"The Kaspa Founding Contributors — Medium / Kaspa Currency","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/kaspa-currency/the-kaspa-founding-contributors-c2f06a2eb74c"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Contributors — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/contributors/"}]},{"content":"Kaspa launched on November 7, 2021 with no premine, no ICO, no developer token allocation, and no vesting schedule for founders. Every KAS token has been issued through proof-of-work mining since the genesis block, mirroring Bitcoin's distribution model. The project presents this as a verifiable cryptographic guarantee: all supply traces back to the genesis state with no hidden allocations. However, an important nuance surrounds the project's pre-launch history. The R&D company DAGLabs was founded in 2018 by Sompolinsky and received approximately $8 million in investment from Polychain Capital, with smaller contributions from Accomplice and Genesis Mining. DAGLabs employed the developers who built Kaspa. By mid-2021, Polychain and DAGLabs agreed to wind down commercial development — citing the lack of readiness of optical ICs for ASIC production and reduced industry interest in PoW projects at the time — and formally relinquished all intellectual property rights to the community. DAGLabs was subsequently dissolved around the time of the November 2021 mainnet launch. Critically, no KAS tokens were allocated to Polychain Capital, DAGLabs, or any founder wallet. The $8 million Polychain investment funded development labor, not token positions. This structure is materially different from a hidden premine or VC allocation and is documented on the official Kaspa Wiki. The Kaspa Ecosystem Foundation (KEF), established later, provides ecosystem grants and community support but does not hold any special token allocation from the genesis.","heading":"Fair Launch Claims and Pre-Launch Funding","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"DAGLabs — Kaspa Wiki","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/daglabs"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Tokenomics — Kaspa Wiki","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/tokenomics"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa's Community Governance — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspas-community-governance/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"History of Kaspa and Fair Launch — KasLens Wiki","type":"other","url":"https://kaspa-lens.com/kaspa/wiki/introduction-to-kaspa/history-of-kaspa-and-fair-launch"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Kaspa's Success: No-ICO, Fair Launch and Future Innovation — Blockchain App Factory","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.blockchainappfactory.com/blog/kaspa-gained-traction-no-ico-fair-launch-narrative/"}]},{"content":"Two weeks after mainnet launch, on approximately November 21–22, 2021, a critical bug caused a complete network split. At the point of the crash, approximately 648 million KAS had already been mined. The development team responded by hardwiring a new genesis block whose UTXO set matched the last stable checkpoint block, effectively restarting the chain while preserving the coin ownership state as of that checkpoint. As a documented consequence, on-chain transaction records from November 7 to approximately May 2022 — covering approximately 7.8 billion coins mined during that period — are not accessible through standard blockchain explorers. The development team acknowledged this gap, with Sompolinsky stating that verifying issuance and decentralization was more important than historical transaction auditability. Critics, including a Substack post titled 'A Factual Account of the Kaspa Fraud Scheme,' allege that the erasure of early transaction history is evidence of coordinated deception or potential coin theft from early miners. However, that post relies primarily on circumstantial reasoning and lacks independent technical verification or documented victims. The Kaspa team maintains that the UTXO set at the reset point was accurately preserved and that the reset was a necessary technical response to the bug. A community-produced Jupyter notebook (kaspad-py-explorer) was published attempting to document the genesis proof. This episode remains a legitimate transparency concern, particularly given the inability of independent parties to audit the earliest transaction graph.","heading":"Genesis Reset and Early Transaction History Gap","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":3,"name":"The Forgotten Blocks: How Kaspa Nearly Lost Its Genesis — Medium","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/@toni.lukkaroinen/the-forgotten-blocks-how-kaspa-nearly-lost-its-genesis-c54a35bfb7f4"},{"credibility":3,"name":"A Factual Account of the Kaspa Fraud Scheme — Techleaks24 Substack","type":"community_report","url":"https://techleaks24.substack.com/p/a-factual-account-of-the-kaspa-fraud"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Genesis Proof Notebook — kaspagang/kaspad-py-explorer GitHub","type":"on_chain","url":"https://github.com/kaspagang/kaspad-py-explorer/blob/main/src/genesis_proof.ipynb"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa FAQ — Kaspa Wiki","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/faq"}]},{"content":"In September 2022, Kaspa developer Ori Newman discovered a consensus vulnerability during the Rust rewrite process. The flaw involved the sig_op_count field of transactions — a per-input indicator of the number of signature operations required for verification. Because sig_op_count was not included in the transaction hashing process, an attacker with knowledge of the codebase could manipulate the field without altering the transaction or block hash. This created two potential attack vectors: inflating the count to make blocks appear invalid to some nodes, triggering network splits; or subtly altering the count to pass initial validation but fail subsequent consensus checks, fragmenting the blockchain. The vulnerability required intimate knowledge of the Kaspa codebase to exploit and was discovered internally rather than through adversarial exploitation. The response followed a responsible disclosure model: an interim patch was issued in version 0.12.7, which ignored the problematic field during validation while constraining related parameters. A permanent fix was deployed via hard fork on September 28, 2022, at DAA score 27,905,000, incorporating sig_op_count into the transaction hashing process. No funds were reported lost and no exploitation was observed before the patch. A separate hard fork on April 14, 2022, addressed deep side-chain spam attacks on the network. Beyond protocol-level events, standard scam infrastructure targeting Kaspa users has been documented, including fake 'Claim Kaspa' airdrop sites, and individual wallet compromises attributed to user-level security failures rather than protocol exploits. No exchange hacks, bridge exploits, or smart contract vulnerabilities have been reported for Kaspa, consistent with its current lack of native smart contracts on L1.","heading":"Security Incidents and Protocol Vulnerabilities","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Security Patch and Hard Fork — September 2022 — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-security-patch-and-hard-fork-september-2022-12da617b0094"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspad Changelog — GitHub kaspanet/kaspad","type":"official","url":"https://github.com/kaspanet/kaspad/blob/master/changelog.txt"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Claim Kaspa Scam — PCRisk Removal Guide","type":"other","url":"https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/32693-claim-kaspa-scam"}]},{"content":"As of May 2026, Kaspa has not been the subject of any known SEC enforcement action, CFTC action, DOJ indictment, or regulatory proceeding in any jurisdiction. No U.S. regulator has classified KAS as a security. Kaspa's PoW-only structure, absence of an ICO, and lack of any investment contract mechanism make it structurally analogous to Bitcoin and Litecoin in terms of the Howey test analysis. In March 2026, the SEC and CFTC issued a joint interpretation of federal securities law as applied to crypto assets. Proof-of-work digital assets with no centralized issuer have been identified in public commentary as falling outside securities classification under that framework, placing them under potential CFTC commodity jurisdiction. Kaspa is listed on major exchanges including Binance, Coinbase, and Kraken without SEC challenge. Crypto exchange Gate.com published an analysis in December 2025 noting general regulatory risks for Kaspa include potential listing delistings if regulatory frameworks shift, but no specific action is pending. The project's fair launch model and decentralized development structure reduce regulatory surface area compared to projects with centralized foundations holding token treasuries.","heading":"Regulatory Status","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"What Are the Key Regulatory Risks Facing Kaspa (KAS) in 2025? — Gate.com","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.gate.com/crypto-wiki/article/what-are-the-key-regulatory-risks-facing-kaspa-kas-in-2025-20251203"},{"credibility":1,"name":"SEC and CFTC Issue Landmark Joint Guidance on Classification of Crypto Assets — Ropes & Gray","type":"regulatory","url":"https://www.ropesgray.com/en/insights/alerts/2026/03/sec-and-cftc-issue-landmark-joint-guidance-on-classification-of-crypto-assets"},{"credibility":1,"name":"CFTC Joins SEC to Clarify the Application of Federal Securities Laws to Crypto Assets — CFTC","type":"regulatory","url":"https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9198-26"}]},{"content":"Kaspa's kHeavyHash algorithm was designed to remain accessible to GPU and FPGA miners while not explicitly blocking ASIC development. The project's stated position is that GPUs remaining competitive alongside ASICs preserves decentralization better than attempting pure ASIC resistance. In practice, Bitmain and IceRiver have released dedicated Kaspa ASIC hardware: the Bitmain Antminer KS7 delivers approximately 23 TH/s at 3,300W; the IceRiver KAS KS7 reaches 30 TH/s. By mid-2024, ASIC hardware had largely supplanted GPU mining as the economically dominant hardware class on the network. In June 2024, Marathon Digital Holdings (MARA), a publicly listed Bitcoin mining company, announced it had deployed 30 petahash of Kaspa ASIC capacity and was targeting approximately 16% of Kaspa's global hashrate — a concentration that, if realized, would represent a significant single-actor share of the network. Marathon mined approximately 93 million KAS valued at roughly $15 million as of the announcement date. The network's blockDAG architecture, with its high block rate, is argued by the project to improve mining decentralization by reducing the proportion of orphaned blocks, making solo mining at lower hashrates more viable than on a 1-BPS chain. However, the entry of large institutional miners with access to the latest ASIC hardware raises ongoing centralization questions that are not fully resolved by the protocol's architecture alone. No data indicating majority hashrate control by a single pool or entity has been documented as of May 2026, though granular real-time pool distribution data is difficult to independently verify without access to live pool statistics.","heading":"Mining Centralization and ASIC Development","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":1,"name":"Marathon Digital Holdings Announces Kaspa Mining Operations — MARA IR","type":"official","url":"https://ir.mara.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1360/marathon-digital-holdings-announces-kaspa-mining-operations"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Marathon Digital Diversifies Revenue by Mining Kaspa, Aims for 16% Global Hash Rate — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/marathon-digital-diversifies-revenue-by-mining-kaspa-aims-for-16-global-hash-rate/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Marathon Digital Expands into Altcoin Mining — The Block","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/302290/marathon-digital-altcoin-mining-kaspa-bitcoin"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Mining — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/mining-kaspa/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Mining Pools Overview — MiningPoolStats","type":"on_chain","url":"https://miningpoolstats.stream/kaspa"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Kaspa Mining 2025: Profitability, Best ASIC Hardware — Miners1688","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.miners1688.com/kaspa-mining-2025-profitability-best-asic-hardware-multi-chain-strategy/"}]},{"content":"At mainnet launch, Kaspa had no smart contract functionality on its base layer. The protocol was designed as a high-throughput payment and settlement layer. As of May 2026, Kaspa L1 does not support Turing-complete smart contracts natively. The Kasplex project, a third-party team, introduced KRC-20 tokens (a fungible token standard analogous to ERC-20) on a Layer 2 in mid-2024, entering closed beta on testnet in May 2024 and launching KRC-20 beta on June 30, 2024. Kasplex subsequently launched a zkEVM Layer-2 mainnet in collaboration with the Kaspa Ecosystem Foundation, bringing Ethereum-compatible smart contracts to Kaspa via ZK rollup technology. On the L1 roadmap, the Toccata hard fork is scheduled for mainnet activation between June 5 and June 20, 2026. Toccata introduces native covenant-based programmability through a new compiler called SilverScript (developed by Ori Newman and Michael Sutton), ZK verification opcodes including a flexible Groth16 verifier and a RISC Zero STARK verifier, and native KRC-20 token issuance at the consensus layer. A code freeze for Toccata was finalized on April 30, 2026. The subsequent DAGKnight consensus upgrade is planned for Q3 2026. A 100 BPS network with full parallel smart contract capability is targeted for approximately 2027. These developments represent a significant expansion of Kaspa's functionality, but most smart contract capabilities remain forward roadmap items rather than shipping features as of the investigation date.","heading":"Smart Contract Roadmap and Current Limitations","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Covenants Toccata Hard Fork Outlook — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-covenants-toccata-hard-fork-outlook-a4d81a40900c"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kasplex zkEVM Launch — Kasplex on X","type":"official","url":"https://x.com/kasplex/status/1971469795317960800"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Development Milestones Revealed 2025–2026 — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspa-development-milestones-revealed-2025/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Introducing Kasplex and its Launch — KasMedia","type":"news_article","url":"https://kasmedia.com/article/introducing-kasplex-krc-20-krc-721-tokens"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa's 2025 Upgrades: Scalability, Smart Contracts, and Mining Profitability — CoinMarketCap Academy","type":"news_article","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/b8fa98c5-101f-4c81-a5d1-dd93c55cb8cc"},{"credibility":3,"name":"KAS.live Toccata Hardfork Countdown","type":"other","url":"https://kas.live/"}]},{"content":"Kaspa has no formal on-chain governance mechanism. Development decisions are made informally by core developers, with community input solicited through Discord votes and public discussion. The project operates a community treasury managed as a 2-of-4 multisig wallet, with community-elected treasurers. All spending is published in public channels and executed according to community vote results. This crowdfunding approach was adopted by necessity: the fair launch left no founding treasury. The community funded the Rust rewrite (Rusty Kaspa) with a pool of 100 million KAS, managed through a 3-of-6 multisig wallet. The Kaspa Ecosystem Foundation (KEF) was established separately to fund ecosystem development, research grants, event sponsorships, and ecosystem partnerships. KEF operates independently of the core protocol team and does not hold a protocol-level token allocation. The model presents genuine decentralization of financial control but also creates a dependency on recurring community fundraising for major technical work. Sustained funding for infrastructure and development is not guaranteed and relies on ongoing community engagement and KAS price levels. There is no formal legal entity with fiduciary responsibility over protocol development direction.","heading":"Community Governance and Development Funding","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa's Community Governance — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspas-community-governance/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Funding Process Concept — Kaspa Wiki","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/funding-process-concept"},{"credibility":2,"name":"KEF — Supporting the Kaspa Ecosystem","type":"official","url":"https://www.kaspafoundation.org/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Rusty Kaspa Update December 2023 — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/rusty-kaspa-update-12-23/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa on Rust: First Stable Release — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-on-rust-first-stable-release-636938596441"}]},{"content":"Kaspa has a fixed hard-cap total supply of approximately 28.7 billion KAS (the protocol code sets a ceiling near 29 billion, with the precise figure dependent on rounding from the halving schedule and DAA scoring). No tokens were pre-allocated. Block rewards began at 440 KAS and decrease continuously through a musical-scale emission curve: every month, the block reward is reduced by a factor of (1/2)^(1/12), equivalent to halving once per year but applied smoothly in monthly increments. As of late 2025, approximately 95% of total supply had already been mined. The remaining emissions are projected to approach zero by late 2026 in practical terms, with the protocol technically continuing to emit trace amounts for approximately 36 years until the reward falls below 1 Sompi (the smallest unit). Post-emission, miner incentives will depend entirely on transaction fees. The rapid emission schedule is a risk factor: the network's security budget is already substantially fee-dependent in practice, and the transition to a fee-only model has not yet been tested at scale. This is a structural concern shared with any PoW network approaching its supply cap.","heading":"Tokenomics and Emission Schedule","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Tokenomics, Emission, and Mining — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/tokenomics-emission-and-mining/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Emission Schedule PDF — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/KASPA-EMISSION-SCHEDULE.pdf"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Crypto Is 95% Mined With Supply Running Out by Late 2026 — CryptoNews","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/kaspa-price-prediction-2026-supply/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Tokenomics — Tokenomist.ai","type":"on_chain","url":"https://tokenomist.ai/kaspa"}]}],"sources_used":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Official Website — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Features — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/features/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"What is GHOSTDAG and DAGKNIGHT? — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/what-is-ghostdag-and-dagknight/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa's Community Governance — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspas-community-governance/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Tokenomics, Emission, and Mining — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/tokenomics-emission-and-mining/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Mining — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/mining-kaspa/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Development Milestones Revealed 2025–2026 — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspa-development-milestones-revealed-2025/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Updates to Crescendo and 10BPS — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Emission Schedule PDF — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/KASPA-EMISSION-SCHEDULE.pdf"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Rusty Kaspa Update December 2023 — kaspa.org","type":"official","url":"https://kaspa.org/rusty-kaspa-update-12-23/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Security Patch and Hard Fork September 2022 — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-security-patch-and-hard-fork-september-2022-12da617b0094"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Covenants Toccata Hard Fork Outlook — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-covenants-toccata-hard-fork-outlook-a4d81a40900c"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa on Rust: First Stable Release — Medium (Michael Sutton)","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-on-rust-first-stable-release-636938596441"},{"credibility":1,"name":"The DAGKnight Protocol — ePrint Cryptology Archive","type":"research","url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1494.pdf"},{"credibility":3,"name":"The Kaspa Founding Contributors — Medium / Kaspa Currency","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/kaspa-currency/the-kaspa-founding-contributors-c2f06a2eb74c"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Wiki — DAGLabs","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/daglabs"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Wiki — Tokenomics","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/tokenomics"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Wiki — FAQ","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/faq"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Wiki — Funding Process Concept","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/funding-process-concept"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Wiki — Prehistory","type":"official","url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/prehistory"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Yonatan Sompolinsky — IQ.wiki","type":"other","url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/yonatan-sompolonsky"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Marathon Digital Holdings Announces Kaspa Mining Operations — MARA IR","type":"official","url":"https://ir.mara.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1360/marathon-digital-holdings-announces-kaspa-mining-operations"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Marathon Digital Diversifies Revenue by Mining Kaspa — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/marathon-digital-diversifies-revenue-by-mining-kaspa-aims-for-16-global-hash-rate/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Marathon Digital Expands into Altcoin Mining — The Block","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/302290/marathon-digital-altcoin-mining-kaspa-bitcoin"},{"credibility":1,"name":"SEC and CFTC Issue Landmark Joint Guidance on Classification of Crypto Assets — Ropes & Gray","type":"regulatory","url":"https://www.ropesgray.com/en/insights/alerts/2026/03/sec-and-cftc-issue-landmark-joint-guidance-on-classification-of-crypto-assets"},{"credibility":1,"name":"CFTC Joins SEC to Clarify Application of Federal Securities Laws to Crypto Assets — CFTC.gov","type":"regulatory","url":"https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/9198-26"},{"credibility":2,"name":"What Are the Key Regulatory Risks Facing Kaspa (KAS) in 2025? — Gate.com","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.gate.com/crypto-wiki/article/what-are-the-key-regulatory-risks-facing-kaspa-kas-in-2025-20251203"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Faces Scam Accusations Despite Transparent Emissions — AInvest","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.ainvest.com/news/kaspa-faces-scam-accusations-transparent-emissions-open-source-proof-work-model-2508/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"A Factual Account of the Kaspa Fraud Scheme — Techleaks24 Substack","type":"community_report","url":"https://techleaks24.substack.com/p/a-factual-account-of-the-kaspa-fraud"},{"credibility":3,"name":"The Forgotten Blocks: How Kaspa Nearly Lost Its Genesis — Medium","type":"news_article","url":"https://medium.com/@toni.lukkaroinen/the-forgotten-blocks-how-kaspa-nearly-lost-its-genesis-c54a35bfb7f4"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Genesis Proof Notebook — kaspagang GitHub","type":"on_chain","url":"https://github.com/kaspagang/kaspad-py-explorer/blob/main/src/genesis_proof.ipynb"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspad Changelog — GitHub kaspanet/kaspad","type":"official","url":"https://github.com/kaspanet/kaspad/blob/master/changelog.txt"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Rusty Kaspa GitHub Repository","type":"official","url":"https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kasplex zkEVM Launch — Kasplex on X","type":"official","url":"https://x.com/kasplex/status/1971469795317960800"},{"credibility":2,"name":"KEF — Kaspa Ecosystem Foundation","type":"official","url":"https://www.kaspafoundation.org/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Introducing Kasplex — KasMedia","type":"news_article","url":"https://kasmedia.com/article/introducing-kasplex-krc-20-krc-721-tokens"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa's 2025 Upgrades: Scalability, Smart Contracts, Mining Profitability — CoinMarketCap Academy","type":"news_article","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/b8fa98c5-101f-4c81-a5d1-dd93c55cb8cc"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Crypto Is 95% Mined With Supply Running Out by Late 2026 — CryptoNews","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/kaspa-price-prediction-2026-supply/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa Tokenomics — Tokenomist.ai","type":"on_chain","url":"https://tokenomist.ai/kaspa"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Could Kaspa (KAS) Be a Scam? — CaptainAltcoin","type":"news_article","url":"https://captainaltcoin.com/could-kaspa-kas-be-a-scam-heres-what-to-know/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa price today — CoinMarketCap","type":"other","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/kaspa/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Kaspa (KAS) — CoinGecko","type":"other","url":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/kaspa"},{"credibility":3,"name":"History of Kaspa and Fair Launch — KasLens","type":"other","url":"https://kaspa-lens.com/kaspa/wiki/introduction-to-kaspa/history-of-kaspa-and-fair-launch"}],"summary":"Kaspa is a proof-of-work cryptocurrency launched in November 2021 that implements the GHOSTDAG blockDAG protocol, developed from academic research by Yonatan Sompolinsky at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The project claims a fair launch with no premine, no ICO, and no venture capital allocation to insiders, though pre-launch R&D was funded by Polychain Capital through the now-dissolved DAGLabs entity. Kaspa has a credible technical foundation and transparent governance, but faces centralization concerns from institutional ASIC miners and carries unresolved questions about the erasure of early transaction history following a genesis reset in November 2021.","timeline":[{"date":"2018-01-01","event":"DAGLabs founded by Yonatan Sompolinsky to commercialize the GHOSTDAG protocol, receiving approximately $8 million from Polychain Capital, Accomplice, and Genesis Mining.","source":"Kaspa Wiki — DAGLabs","source_url":"https://wiki.kaspa.org/en/daglabs"},{"date":"2021-11-07","event":"Kaspa mainnet launched with no premine, no ICO, and no VC token allocation. Initial block reward set at 440 KAS. Genesis block produced November 8, 2021.","source":"Kaspa Wiki — History and Fair Launch","source_url":"https://kaspa-lens.com/kaspa/wiki/introduction-to-kaspa/history-of-kaspa-and-fair-launch"},{"date":"2021-11-21","event":"Critical bug caused a complete network split approximately two weeks after mainnet launch, with roughly 648 million KAS already mined. Development team hardwired a new genesis block based on the last stable checkpoint UTXO set, erasing on-chain transaction records from the initial launch period.","source":"Medium — The Forgotten Blocks","source_url":"https://medium.com/@toni.lukkaroinen/the-forgotten-blocks-how-kaspa-nearly-lost-its-genesis-c54a35bfb7f4"},{"date":"2022-04-14","event":"First hard fork since genesis reset, addressing deep side-chain spam attacks.","source":"KasLens Kaspa Wiki","source_url":"https://kaspa-lens.com/kaspa/wiki/introduction-to-kaspa/history-of-kaspa-and-fair-launch"},{"date":"2022-07-01","event":"Core developer Michael Sutton announced the Rust rewrite initiative (Rusty Kaspa / KIP-001) in the official Kaspa Discord. Community approved and subsequently funded the effort with 100 million KAS.","source":"Rusty Kaspa FAQs — KasMedia","source_url":"https://kasmedia.com/article/rusty-kaspa-fa-qs"},{"date":"2022-09-12","event":"Developer Ori Newman discovered the sig_op_count consensus vulnerability during the Rust rewrite process.","source":"Kaspa Security Patch and Hard Fork — Medium (Michael Sutton)","source_url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-security-patch-and-hard-fork-september-2022-12da617b0094"},{"date":"2022-09-28","event":"Permanent hard fork activated at DAA score 27,905,000, fixing the sig_op_count consensus vulnerability by including the field in the transaction hashing process.","source":"Kaspa Security Patch and Hard Fork — Medium (Michael Sutton)","source_url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-security-patch-and-hard-fork-september-2022-12da617b0094"},{"date":"2022-10-31","event":"DAGKnight whitepaper published by Yonatan Sompolinsky and Michael Sutton on the 14th anniversary of the Bitcoin whitepaper, introducing a parameterless generalization of Nakamoto consensus.","source":"The DAGKnight Protocol — ePrint","source_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1494.pdf"},{"date":"2023-09-01","event":"Marathon Digital Holdings deployed its first Kaspa mining machines, beginning institutional ASIC mining on the network.","source":"Marathon Digital Holdings Kaspa Mining Operations — MARA IR","source_url":"https://ir.mara.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1360/marathon-digital-holdings-announces-kaspa-mining-operations"},{"date":"2024-01-07","event":"Testnet 11 (TN11), the 10 BPS Kaspa testnet, launched for the Crescendo upgrade.","source":"Kaspa's 2025 Upgrades — CoinMarketCap Academy","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/b8fa98c5-101f-4c81-a5d1-dd93c55cb8cc"},{"date":"2024-05-01","event":"Rusty Kaspa (Rust implementation) released as stable and recommended as the primary network client.","source":"Kaspa on Rust: First Stable Release — Medium","source_url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-on-rust-first-stable-release-636938596441"},{"date":"2024-06-25","event":"Marathon Digital announced it had mined 93 million KAS (approximately $15 million in value) and was targeting approximately 16% of Kaspa's global hashrate using 60 petahashes of Bitmain ASIC hardware.","source":"Marathon Digital Diversifies Revenue by Mining Kaspa — CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/marathon-digital-diversifies-revenue-by-mining-kaspa-aims-for-16-global-hash-rate/"},{"date":"2024-06-30","event":"Kasplex KRC-20 beta launched, introducing fungible token standard on Kaspa Layer 2.","source":"Introducing Kasplex — KasMedia","source_url":"https://kasmedia.com/article/introducing-kasplex-krc-20-krc-721-tokens"},{"date":"2025-05-05","event":"Crescendo hard fork activated on mainnet at DAA score 110,165,000, upgrading the network from 1 BPS to 10 BPS and implementing all Kaspa Improvement Proposals KIP1 through KIP15.","source":"Kaspa Updates to Crescendo and 10BPS — kaspa.org","source_url":"https://kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/"},{"date":"2026-04-30","event":"Toccata hard fork code freeze finalized, incorporating native covenants (SilverScript compiler), ZK verification opcodes, RISC Zero STARK verifier, and native KRC-20 token issuance at the consensus layer.","source":"Kaspa Covenants Toccata Hard Fork Outlook — Medium (Michael Sutton)","source_url":"https://medium.com/@michaelsuttonil/kaspa-covenants-toccata-hard-fork-outlook-a4d81a40900c"},{"date":"2026-06-05","event":"Toccata hard fork mainnet activation window opens (June 5–20, 2026), introducing native L1 programmability, covenants, and ZK infrastructure.","source":"KAS.live Hardfork Countdown","source_url":"https://kas.live/"}]},"v":1}

   Verify offline (run on your own machine)

   python -m src.verify_decision 7e9b381d-9799-4d7a-9955-e00c90a0e351copy
2. #2reviewby reviewerreviewer

   2026-06-03 15:02:04Z
   Score: 74 → 74 (no score change)
   The Kaspa investigation is substantially well-sourced and factually accurate for its core historical, technical, and governance claims. Four material errors were identified: (1) the Bitmain Antminer KS7 hashrate is stated as ~23 TH/s when it is actually ~40 TH/s at ~3,080W; (2) the claim that Kaspa is listed on Binance appears to confuse Binance Futures/Pool access with a spot listing, which multiple current sources say does not exist; (3) the timeline entry for Marathon Digital incorrectly states 60 PH deployed (the actual deployed figure was 30 PH at announcement, with 60 PH the total purchase order); and (4) the 95% supply mined figure is attributed to 'late 2025' when emission schedule data places this milestone around July 2026. The kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/ URL returned 404 during review. The genesis reset narrative and fair-launch structure are credibly documented, and the regulatory analysis is grounded in real March 2026 SEC-CFTC guidance.
   anchoranchored

   chain

   ●mainnet-betaslot 424,049,846

   sig

   56u37u9817V6…8M9HVR4Pcopyexplorer ↗

   hash

   EFtiRMndpg4E…P4SZsBiDcopysha256 → base58

   verifying row…full verify ↗

   canonical bytes (1325 B) ▸

   {"actor":"reviewer","decided_at":"2026-06-03T15:02:04.140Z","decision":"review","investigation_id":"2286f6e9-0799-45fe-855c-afa4281fab8f","new_score":74,"page_slug":"kaspa","prev_score":74,"reason":"The Kaspa investigation is substantially well-sourced and factually accurate for its core historical, technical, and governance claims. Four material errors were identified: (1) the Bitmain Antminer KS7 hashrate is stated as ~23 TH/s when it is actually ~40 TH/s at ~3,080W; (2) the claim that Kaspa is listed on Binance appears to confuse Binance Futures/Pool access with a spot listing, which multiple current sources say does not exist; (3) the timeline entry for Marathon Digital incorrectly states 60 PH deployed (the actual deployed figure was 30 PH at announcement, with 60 PH the total purchase order); and (4) the 95% supply mined figure is attributed to 'late 2025' when emission schedule data places this milestone around July 2026. The kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/ URL returned 404 during review. The genesis reset narrative and fair-launch structure are credibly documented, and the regulatory analysis is grounded in real March 2026 SEC-CFTC guidance.","score_delta":0,"sequence_num":2,"submission_content_hash":null,"submission_id":null,"submission_kind":null,"submission_valence":null,"v":1}

   Verify offline (run on your own machine)

   python -m src.verify_decision d552ca32-97d9-4e62-a311-50688c75460acopy
3. #3review reviseby judgejudge

   2026-06-03 15:02:04Z
   Score: 74 → 64 (-10)
   The review found 4 disputed claims out of 27 (14.8%), placing this page in the minor-issues band. None of the disputes affect core integrity findings: the fair-launch structure, genesis reset narrative, and security incident history are all confirmed. The four corrections needed are: claim_findings[13] overstates Bitmain Antminer KS7 hashrate at 23 TH/s when vendor sources consistently show 36-40 TH/s at lower wattage; claim_findings[12] states Kaspa is listed on Binance when multiple current sources indicate only futures/pool access, not spot trading; timeline[11] (claim_findings[22]) incorrectly states 60 PH deployed by Marathon at announcement versus the correct 30 PH deployed figure; and claim_findings[23] places the 95%-mined milestone in late 2025 when emission schedule data places it around July 2026. A 404 on a critical official source (kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/) was noted, though the underlying Crescendo facts were confirmed independently. Two high-priority coverage gaps — on-chain wallet distribution analysis and independent verification of the genesis reset UTXO checkpoint — are flagged for expansion. The page is substantially accurate and should be revised to correct the four factual errors before re-approval.
   anchoranchored

   chain

   ●mainnet-betaslot 424,049,872

   sig

   2YWEShkNdfBo…wVxztqnmcopyexplorer ↗

   hash

   Ayv9JFfomBDU…LSGE46ozcopysha256 → base58

   verifying row…full verify ↗

   canonical bytes (1610 B) ▸

   {"actor":"judge","decided_at":"2026-06-03T15:02:04.140Z","decision":"review_revise","investigation_id":"2286f6e9-0799-45fe-855c-afa4281fab8f","new_score":64,"page_slug":"kaspa","prev_score":74,"reason":"The review found 4 disputed claims out of 27 (14.8%), placing this page in the minor-issues band. None of the disputes affect core integrity findings: the fair-launch structure, genesis reset narrative, and security incident history are all confirmed. The four corrections needed are: claim_findings[13] overstates Bitmain Antminer KS7 hashrate at 23 TH/s when vendor sources consistently show 36-40 TH/s at lower wattage; claim_findings[12] states Kaspa is listed on Binance when multiple current sources indicate only futures/pool access, not spot trading; timeline[11] (claim_findings[22]) incorrectly states 60 PH deployed by Marathon at announcement versus the correct 30 PH deployed figure; and claim_findings[23] places the 95%-mined milestone in late 2025 when emission schedule data places it around July 2026. A 404 on a critical official source (kaspa.org/kaspa-updates-to-crescendo-and-10bps/) was noted, though the underlying Crescendo facts were confirmed independently. Two high-priority coverage gaps — on-chain wallet distribution analysis and independent verification of the genesis reset UTXO checkpoint — are flagged for expansion. The page is substantially accurate and should be revised to correct the four factual errors before re-approval.","score_delta":-10,"sequence_num":3,"submission_content_hash":null,"submission_id":null,"submission_kind":null,"submission_valence":null,"v":1}

   Verify offline (run on your own machine)

   python -m src.verify_decision 8fd1784e-c698-4de0-a810-9be0a27810a6copy