Audit log

Every state-changing event for BitGrail: moderation decisions on community submissions, plus corrections and updates from the news pipeline. URL-based decisions carry three independent witnesses — the original source, an Internet Archive snapshot taken at submission time, and a Solana memo signed by our publicly-disclosed publisher key.

1. #1publishby system:backfill

   2026-05-30 12:57:48Z
   Score: ? → ? (no score change)
   anchoranchored

   chain

   ●mainnet-betaslot 423,160,859

   sig

   4skzrwvZsnZ3…sugUae85copyexplorer ↗

   hash

   9RiJhN59xMMZ…55QAJyQ6copysha256 → base58

   verifying row…full verify ↗

   canonical bytes (27085 B) ▸

   {"actor":"system:backfill","investigation_id":"02d1e109-99b0-4fed-a605-eca85dd9e3f7","kind":"publish","page_slug":"bitgrail","published_at":"2026-05-30T12:57:48.832Z","sequence_num":1,"snapshot":{"content_type":"investigation","entity_name":"BitGrail","sections":[{"content":"BitGrail was a small Italian cryptocurrency exchange founded and solely operated by Francesco Firano, who was publicly known by the nickname 'The Bomber.' The exchange was headquartered in Florence, Italy and gained particular prominence during the late-2017 altcoin bull run as one of the few venues that listed Nano (then called RaiBlocks, ticker XRB), a fee-less cryptocurrency that had appreciated from approximately $0.20 in November 2017 to around $10 by early February 2018. The exchange reportedly grew from roughly 70,000 registered users to approximately 217,000 users within a few months during this period. BitGrail did not hold formal regulatory licenses as a cryptocurrency exchange under Italian or European Union law. The platform stored all user Nano holdings in a single hot wallet with no disclosed cold-storage architecture, a practice the Italian court later identified as a material security failure.","heading":"Background and Operations","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian cryptocurrency exchange gets hacked for $170 million in Nano — TechCrunch","type":"news_article","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/12/bitgrail-hack-nano/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Hack — One of the Largest Crypto Hacks in History — CoinMarketCap Academy","type":"research","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/bitgrail-hack-one-of-the-largest-crypto-hacks-in-history"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Bitgrail's founder contributed to $150M loss, Italian authorities allege — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitgrail-s-founder-contributed-to-150m-loss-italian-authorities-allege"}]},{"content":"Evidence presented during the Italian bankruptcy proceedings indicated that unauthorized withdrawals from BitGrail began as early as July 2017, when approximately 2.5 million Nano were allegedly lost and Firano acknowledged blacklisting related accounts on social media. A further unauthorized transaction involving 1,000,000 XRB was recorded on October 23, 2017, according to BitGrail's own database timestamps. Firano did not formally report any of these incidents to Italian authorities or disclose them publicly at the time. On February 8, 2018, Firano shared a single example of an unauthorized transaction with the Nano development team — the first external disclosure — and on February 9, 2018, he posted on Twitter acknowledging that Nano had been stolen. The exchange publicly announced the hack on its website and suspended all transactions, disclosing a total shortfall of 17 million Nano tokens. The theft was valued at approximately $170 million at Nano's price at the time of disclosure; some sources cite a higher figure of $195 million reflecting peak valuations. The Italian court's court-appointed technical expert concluded that BitGrail's software failed to implement idempotence checks on withdrawal requests, allowing duplicate withdrawals against the same balance. The Nano core development team stated that no double-spending was detected on the Nano ledger itself and that the vulnerability was specific to BitGrail's platform code, not the Nano protocol. One reported attack vector involved a client-side bypass of the exchange's JavaScript validation that permitted withdrawals in excess of an account's actual balance.","heading":"The Hack: Timeline and Technical Details","severity":"critical","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Insolvency Update 2/11/18 — Nano (official)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/nanocurrency/bitgrail-insolvency-update-2-11-18-9349c9fe1281"},{"credibility":2,"name":"$170 Million Mistake: BitGrail May Have Been Aware of Bug that Led to Hack — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/170-million-mistake-bitgrail-may-aware-bug-led-hack/"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian cryptocurrency exchange gets hacked for $170 million in Nano — TechCrunch","type":"news_article","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/12/bitgrail-hack-nano/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Feb 2018 — BitGrail NANO Hack Case Study — QuadrigaInitiative","type":"research","url":"https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/bitgrailnanohack.php"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Questions Mount Over $170 Million BitGrail 'Hack' — CCN","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.ccn.com/questions-mount-over-170-million-bitgrail-hack/"}]},{"content":"Italian Postal Police (Polizia Postale e delle Comunicazioni), the cybercrime unit of the Italian State Police, formally reported allegations against Firano on December 21, 2020, following an extended investigation. Authorities alleged that Firano either actively participated in the theft or knowingly failed to take corrective action after discovering the initial breach, allowing subsequent unauthorized withdrawals to continue. The Postal Police's Director, Ivano Gabrielli, stated publicly: 'It is not yet clear whether he participated actively in the theft or if he simply decided not to increase security measures after discovering it.' A key piece of evidence cited by investigators was the transfer of approximately 230 Bitcoin — worth roughly 1.7 million euros at the time — from BitGrail accounts to Firano's personal account at The Rock Trading exchange (a Malta-registered platform) three days before the public hack announcement on February 9, 2018. Firano was charged with computer fraud, fraudulent bankruptcy, and money laundering. Italian authorities had already seized over $1 million in Firano's personal assets, including his vehicle, pursuant to the January 2019 bankruptcy ruling. Investigators alleged the series of alleged breaches caused losses of approximately 120 million euros (approximately $146 million) affecting roughly 230,000 users.","heading":"Fraud Allegations and Police Investigation","severity":"critical","sources":[{"credibility":1,"name":"BitGrail Operator May Have Hacked Own Exchange to Steal €120M, Police Allege — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/12/21/bitgrail-operator-may-have-hacked-own-exchange-to-steal-120m-police-allege"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Italian Police Accuse BitGrail CEO of Money Laundering — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/52145/bitgrail-hacker-who-stole-e120-million-has-been-caught"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Bitgrail's Founder Responsible for Hacks, Italian Police Allege — Chain Bulletin","type":"news_article","url":"https://chainbulletin.com/bitgrails-founder-responsible-for-hacks-italian-police-allege"},{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Exchange Godfather Accused of Faking Hack — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","url":"https://beincrypto.com/bitgrail-exchange-godfather-accused-of-faking-hack/"}]},{"content":"BitGrail filed for bankruptcy in March 2018 following the hack disclosure. A law firm representing victims subsequently filed a formal bankruptcy petition under Article 6 of Italian Bankruptcy Law. On January 21–28, 2019, the Italian Bankruptcy Court in Florence published its ruling, concluding that both BitGrail as an entity and Francesco Firano personally were to be declared bankrupt. The court found that Firano had failed to install adequate safeguards to prevent unauthorized Nano withdrawals, delayed disclosing the shortfall to users, and stored all customer funds in a single hot wallet without multi-signature protections. The court authorized seizure of Firano's personal assets, and millions of dollars in cryptocurrency assets held in BitGrail exchange accounts were transferred to accounts managed by court-appointed trustees. The ruling also established that cryptocurrency constituted 'property' under Italian law — a notable legal precedent. Bankruptcy trustees subsequently invited creditors to file claims and offered an option to receive restitution in euros (valued at the Nano price on the date of the bankruptcy proceeding's opening) rather than in cryptocurrency. The prospect of meaningful recovery was limited: the court noted that investors might face losses of approximately 92% of their original holdings given the exchange's insolvency. In 2021, Italian authorities seized additional funds associated with the case, bringing total seized assets closer to victim restitution targets, though the full recovery timeline remained uncertain.","heading":"Italian Court Proceedings and Bankruptcy","severity":"critical","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Court Rules Against BitGrail Owner Over NANO Hack — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/4679/court-rules-against-bitgrail"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian court forces BitGrail CEO to repay $170M in 'lost' cryptocurrency — The Next Web","type":"news_article","url":"https://thenextweb.com/news/bitgrail-court-cryptocurrency-nano"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Owner of Hacked Crypto Exchange BitGrail Sentenced to Return Funds to Customers — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/owner-of-hacked-crypto-exchange-bitgrail-sentenced-to-return-funds-to-customers"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian Bankruptcy Court Rules BitGrail CEO is Directly Liable — Yahoo Finance","type":"news_article","url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/italian-bankruptcy-court-rules-bitgrail-130506909.html"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Italian Court Invites Bitgrail Creditors to File Their Refund Claims — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/italian-court-invites-bitgrail-creditors-to-file-refund-claims/"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Talking Tech: Italian court rules cryptocurrency is 'property' — Clifford Chance","type":"research","url":"https://talkingtech.cliffordchance.com/en/industries/fintech/italian-court-rules-that-cryptocurrency-is--property--and-a--mea.html"}]},{"content":"In the days immediately following BitGrail's public disclosure, a public dispute erupted between Firano and the Nano core development team (then known as the RaiBlocks/Nano Foundation). Firano alleged that the losses stemmed from corrupted transaction timestamps and a flaw in the Nano block-lattice architecture, suggesting the Nano team bore responsibility. In a Medium post dated February 11, 2018, titled 'BitGrail Insolvency Update,' the Nano team firmly rejected these claims, stating: 'We have no reason to believe the loss was due to an issue in the NANO protocol.' Firano reportedly asked the Nano development team to perform a 'rescue fork' — a modification of the Nano blockchain that would effectively reverse or cancel the stolen transactions — which the team declined to pursue, stating it was 'not possible, nor is it a direction we would ever pursue.' The relationship deteriorated further when Firano accused the Nano team of libel and threatened legal action for 'irresponsible behavior,' while the Nano team published an additional statement detailing the timeline of their communications with Firano. The Italian Bankruptcy Court's court-appointed technical expert ultimately sided with the Nano development team's position, finding that the vulnerability resided in BitGrail's platform code, not in the Nano protocol, and that the exchange's withdrawal system had repeatedly sent requests to the Nano node without adequate account-balance checks. Separately, the Nano Foundation contributed approximately $1 million to a legal aid fund supporting BitGrail victims.","heading":"Dispute with the Nano Development Team","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Insolvency Update 2/11/18 — Nano (official Medium post)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/nanocurrency/bitgrail-insolvency-update-2-11-18-9349c9fe1281"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Crypto-Wars: Bitgrail Hits Back at Dev Team After $170m Theft — Infosecurity Magazine","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/cryptowars-bitgrail-hits-back-at/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Cryptocurrency Exchange's $170 Million Nano Coin Loss Sparks Outrage — Bitcoin Magazine","type":"news_article","url":"https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/cryptocurrency-exchanges-170-million-nano-coin-loss-sparks-outrage"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano To Match $1M In Legal Fund Donations To Support BitGrail Hack Victims — Bitcoin Magazine","type":"news_article","url":"https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/nano-match-1m-legal-fund-donations-support-bitgrail-hack-victims"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Court Rules Against BitGrail Owner Over NANO Hack — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/4679/court-rules-against-bitgrail"}]},{"content":"Multiple civil lawsuits were filed in the United States following the BitGrail hack. In April 2018, investor Alex Brola filed a class-action lawsuit alleging a conspiracy between Nano's core team and Firano to lure investors into purchasing XRB and storing assets on BitGrail. A second, separate class-action complaint was filed in January 2019 by US law firms Silver Miller and Levi and Korsinsky on behalf of investor James Fabian, naming both BitGrail and the Nano Foundation as defendants. The plaintiffs alleged violations of US securities laws, contending that Nano developers had encouraged users to store Nano on BitGrail despite alleged awareness of risks. Plaintiffs in the second suit sought to compel Nano to execute a 'rescue fork' that would effectively create a new version of the Nano cryptocurrency and credit losses back to affected holders. The Nano Foundation sought dismissal of the 'rescue fork' lawsuit in April 2019, arguing that the US courts lacked jurisdiction and that the underlying claims were without merit. The outcome of the US civil proceedings was not definitively resolved in the primary period of reporting.","heading":"US Class-Action Lawsuits","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Two US Law Firms File Class-Action Suit Against Nano and Bitgrail — Finance Magnates","type":"court_filing","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/two-us-law-firms-file-class-action-suit-against-nano-and-bitgrail/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Major Class Action Lawsuit Filed Against NANO — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/nano-lawsuit/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano Cryptocurrency Seeks Dismissal of $170 Million 'Rescue Fork' Lawsuit — Silver Miller Law","type":"court_filing","url":"https://www.silvermillerlaw.com/uncategorized/2019/04/07/nano-cryptocurrency-seeks-dismissal-of-170-million-rescue-fork-lawsuit/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano cryptocurrency seeks dismissal of $170 million 'rescue fork' lawsuit — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/6396/nano-cryptocurrency-seeks-dismissal-170-million-rescue-fork-lawsuit"}]},{"content":"Several warning signs preceded BitGrail's February 2018 collapse that were identifiable in retrospect. In January 2018, the exchange abruptly reduced daily Bitcoin withdrawal limits from 10 BTC to 1 BTC without adequate public explanation. BitGrail subsequently banned non-European users and implemented sudden stringent KYC and AML protocols, reportedly citing regulatory compliance, in the weeks before the hack disclosure. The exchange halted Nano deposits and announced an internal audit in January 2018, citing a 'suspected shortfall,' but provided no further detail to users at the time. The July and October 2017 unauthorized transactions — which Firano acknowledged on social media as isolated incidents — were not formally disclosed to affected users or authorities as part of a broader security failure. The court found that BitGrail stored all Nano holdings in a single undivided hot wallet, with no cold storage or multi-signature security arrangements. Combined with the exchange's small size, minimal regulatory oversight, and absence of formal licensing, these factors represented compounding operational deficiencies.","heading":"Red Flags and Operational Warning Signs","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Hack — One of the Largest Crypto Hacks in History — CoinMarketCap Academy","type":"research","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/bitgrail-hack-one-of-the-largest-crypto-hacks-in-history"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Questions Mount Over $170 Million BitGrail 'Hack' — CCN","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.ccn.com/questions-mount-over-170-million-bitgrail-hack/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Founder Under Attack, as $170 Million in Nano Still Missing — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/exchange/bitgrail-founder-attack-170-million-nano-still-missing/"}]}],"sources_used":[{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian cryptocurrency exchange gets hacked for $170 million in Nano — TechCrunch","type":"news_article","url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/12/bitgrail-hack-nano/"},{"credibility":1,"name":"BitGrail Operator May Have Hacked Own Exchange to Steal €120M, Police Allege — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/12/21/bitgrail-operator-may-have-hacked-own-exchange-to-steal-120m-police-allege"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian court forces BitGrail CEO to repay $170M in 'lost' cryptocurrency — The Next Web","type":"news_article","url":"https://thenextweb.com/news/bitgrail-court-cryptocurrency-nano"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Italian Bankruptcy Court Rules BitGrail CEO is Directly Liable — Yahoo Finance","type":"news_article","url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/italian-bankruptcy-court-rules-bitgrail-130506909.html"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Owner of Hacked Crypto Exchange BitGrail Sentenced to Return Funds to Customers — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/owner-of-hacked-crypto-exchange-bitgrail-sentenced-to-return-funds-to-customers"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Court Rules Against BitGrail Owner Over NANO Hack — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/4679/court-rules-against-bitgrail"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Italian Police Accuse BitGrail CEO of Money Laundering — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/52145/bitgrail-hacker-who-stole-e120-million-has-been-caught"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Bitgrail's founder contributed to $150M loss, Italian authorities allege — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitgrail-s-founder-contributed-to-150m-loss-italian-authorities-allege"},{"credibility":2,"name":"$170 Million Mistake: BitGrail May Have Been Aware of Bug that Led to Hack — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/170-million-mistake-bitgrail-may-aware-bug-led-hack/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Two US Law Firms File Class-Action Suit Against Nano and Bitgrail — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/two-us-law-firms-file-class-action-suit-against-nano-and-bitgrail/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano Cryptocurrency Seeks Dismissal of $170 Million 'Rescue Fork' Lawsuit — Silver Miller Law","type":"court_filing","url":"https://www.silvermillerlaw.com/uncategorized/2019/04/07/nano-cryptocurrency-seeks-dismissal-of-170-million-rescue-fork-lawsuit/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano cryptocurrency seeks dismissal of 'rescue fork' lawsuit — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/6396/nano-cryptocurrency-seeks-dismissal-170-million-rescue-fork-lawsuit"},{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Insolvency Update 2/11/18 — Nano (official)","type":"official","url":"https://medium.com/nanocurrency/bitgrail-insolvency-update-2-11-18-9349c9fe1281"},{"credibility":2,"name":"BitGrail Hack — CoinMarketCap Academy","type":"research","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/bitgrail-hack-one-of-the-largest-crypto-hacks-in-history"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Feb 2018 BitGrail NANO Hack Case Study — QuadrigaInitiative","type":"research","url":"https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/bitgrailnanohack.php"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Italian Court Invites Bitgrail Creditors to File Refund Claims — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/italian-court-invites-bitgrail-creditors-to-file-refund-claims/"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Talking Tech: Italian court rules cryptocurrency is 'property' — Clifford Chance","type":"research","url":"https://talkingtech.cliffordchance.com/en/industries/fintech/italian-court-rules-that-cryptocurrency-is--property--and-a--mea.html"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Nano To Match $1M In Legal Fund Donations To Support BitGrail Hack Victims — Bitcoin Magazine","type":"news_article","url":"https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/nano-match-1m-legal-fund-donations-support-bitgrail-hack-victims"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Bitgrail's Founder Responsible for Hacks, Italian Police Allege — Chain Bulletin","type":"news_article","url":"https://chainbulletin.com/bitgrails-founder-responsible-for-hacks-italian-police-allege"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Major Class Action Lawsuit Filed Against NANO — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/nano-lawsuit/"}],"summary":"BitGrail was a Florence-based Italian cryptocurrency exchange operated by Francesco Firano (online alias 'The Bomber') that collapsed in February 2018 following the alleged theft of approximately 17 million Nano (XRB) tokens then valued at roughly $170 million. Evidence gathered by Italian investigators and the Italian Bankruptcy Court indicated that Firano was aware of unauthorized withdrawals as early as mid-2017 yet continued to attract new users without disclosure, and that he transferred 230 Bitcoin to a personal account three days before publicly announcing the loss. Both the exchange and Firano personally were declared bankrupt by an Italian court in January 2019; Italian Postal Police subsequently charged Firano with computer fraud, fraudulent bankruptcy, and money laundering in December 2020.","timeline":[{"date":"2017-07-01","event":"Alleged first unauthorized withdrawals from BitGrail: approximately 2.5 million Nano tokens lost. Firano acknowledges blacklisting related accounts on Twitter but does not formally disclose a breach.","source":"Finance Magnates / BitGrail Victims Group (Medium)","source_url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/170-million-mistake-bitgrail-may-aware-bug-led-hack/"},{"date":"2017-10-23","event":"A further unauthorized withdrawal of 1,000,000 XRB is recorded in BitGrail's database at 1:22 AM GMT. Firano does not report the incident to authorities or users.","source":"Finance Magnates","source_url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/170-million-mistake-bitgrail-may-aware-bug-led-hack/"},{"date":"2018-01-01","event":"BitGrail suspends Nano deposits and begins an internal audit, citing a suspected fund shortfall. Non-European users are banned; daily Bitcoin withdrawal limits are cut from 10 BTC to 1 BTC.","source":"CoinMarketCap Academy","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/bitgrail-hack-one-of-the-largest-crypto-hacks-in-history"},{"date":"2018-02-06","event":"Firano allegedly transfers approximately 230 Bitcoin (valued at roughly 1.7 million euros) from BitGrail accounts to his personal account at The Rock Trading exchange, three days before the public hack announcement.","source":"CoinDesk / The Next Web","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/12/21/bitgrail-operator-may-have-hacked-own-exchange-to-steal-120m-police-allege"},{"date":"2018-02-08","event":"Firano shares an example of an unauthorized transaction with the Nano core development team for the first time.","source":"Finance Magnates","source_url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/170-million-mistake-bitgrail-may-aware-bug-led-hack/"},{"date":"2018-02-09","event":"BitGrail publicly announces a hack via Twitter and its website, disclosing a shortfall of 17 million Nano tokens (approximately $170 million at prevailing prices). All transactions suspended. Nano core team publishes official statement rejecting protocol-level responsibility.","source":"TechCrunch / Nano Medium","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/12/bitgrail-hack-nano/"},{"date":"2018-02-11","event":"Nano development team publishes 'BitGrail Insolvency Update' on Medium, stating no double-spending was detected on the Nano ledger and the loss is not attributable to the Nano protocol. Team declines Firano's alleged request to modify the Nano blockchain ledger.","source":"Nano (official Medium)","source_url":"https://medium.com/nanocurrency/bitgrail-insolvency-update-2-11-18-9349c9fe1281"},{"date":"2018-03-01","event":"BitGrail files for bankruptcy in Italy.","source":"QuadrigaInitiative Case Study","source_url":"https://www.quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/bitgrailnanohack.php"},{"date":"2018-04-01","event":"First US class-action lawsuit filed by investor Alex Brola alleging conspiracy between Nano core team and Firano to lure investors to the exchange.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/nano-lawsuit/"},{"date":"2019-01-21","event":"Italian Bankruptcy Court publishes ruling declaring both BitGrail and Francesco Firano personally bankrupt. Court orders seizure of Firano's personal assets (over $1 million seized, including his vehicle) and transfer of exchange crypto holdings to court-appointed trustees. Court finds BitGrail, not the Nano protocol, responsible for the security failure.","source":"Decrypt / The Next Web / CoinTelegraph","source_url":"https://decrypt.co/4679/court-rules-against-bitgrail"},{"date":"2019-01-01","event":"Second US class-action lawsuit filed by law firms Silver Miller and Levi and Korsinsky on behalf of James Fabian, naming BitGrail and Nano Foundation as defendants and seeking a 'rescue fork.'","source":"Finance Magnates","source_url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/two-us-law-firms-file-class-action-suit-against-nano-and-bitgrail/"},{"date":"2019-04-07","event":"Nano Foundation seeks dismissal of the 'rescue fork' class-action lawsuit.","source":"Silver Miller Law / Decrypt","source_url":"https://www.silvermillerlaw.com/uncategorized/2019/04/07/nano-cryptocurrency-seeks-dismissal-of-170-million-rescue-fork-lawsuit/"},{"date":"2020-12-21","event":"Italian Postal Police formally report allegations against Firano, charging him with computer fraud, fraudulent bankruptcy, and money laundering. Investigators allege he either actively participated in the theft or deliberately failed to improve security after discovering the initial breach.","source":"CoinDesk","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2020/12/21/bitgrail-operator-may-have-hacked-own-exchange-to-steal-120m-police-allege"}]},"v":1}

   Verify offline (run on your own machine)

   python -m src.verify_decision 6465f92e-5683-4c47-9523-9b144f42c97ccopy