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{"actor":"system:backfill","investigation_id":"1d044334-6ce9-4740-ac25-afeca016050a","kind":"publish","page_slug":"keep3r-network","published_at":"2026-05-30T12:14:49.539Z","sequence_num":1,"snapshot":{"content_type":"investigation","entity_name":"Keep3r Network","sections":[{"content":"","heading":"Protocol Overview and Origins","severity":"low","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network v1 beta — Andre Cronje on Medium","type":"official","url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje's new KP3R token surges 2000% in hours — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network Token Pumps 3,000% after DeFi Farmers FOMO into Launch — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","url":"https://beincrypto.com/keep3r-network-token-pumps-3000-after-defi-farmers-fomo-into-launch/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network ($KP3R): Everything you need to know — Boxmining","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.boxmining.com/keep3r-network-kp3r/"}]},{"content":"","heading":"June 2023 Exploit — Vanity Address Governance Takeover ($211k)","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network exploited for over $200k — DAO Times","type":"news_article","url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network official Twitter/X account post-mortem announcement","type":"official","url":"https://x.com/thekeep3r"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Hackers Nab Nearly $1 Million in Crypto From Ethereum Vanity Address Exploit — Decrypt","type":"news_article","url":"https://decrypt.co/110526/hackers-nab-nearly-1-million-crypto-ethereum-vanity-adress-exploit"}]},{"content":"","heading":"Two-Year Latent Vulnerability in GaugeProxyV2 (September 2022)","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"KP3R Vulnerability Report — Statemind","type":"research","url":"https://statemind.io/blog/kp3r-vulnerability-report"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Statemind Reveals 2-year-old Exploit in Keep3r Network And 6 Other Protocols — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Statemind discovers 2-year-old exploit in Keep3r Network — Security MEA","type":"news_article","url":"https://securitymea.com/2022/10/04/statemind-discovers-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols/"}]},{"content":"","heading":"Keep3r Oracle Implicated in Inverse Finance $15.6M Hack (April 2022)","severity":"critical","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Inverse Finance DAO: INV Price Manipulation Incident — Inverse Finance official blog","type":"official","url":"https://www.inverse.finance/blog/posts/en-US/inv-price-manipulation-incident"},{"credibility":1,"name":"DeFi Lender Inverse Finance Exploited for $15.6M — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Inverse Finance 02 April 2022 — CertiK","type":"research","url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/inverse-finance-02-april-2022"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Price Oracle Manipulation Attack on Inverse Finance — BlockSec on Medium","type":"research","url":"https://blocksecteam.medium.com/price-oracle-manipulation-attack-on-inverse-finance-a5544218ea91"}]},{"content":"","heading":"Fraudulent Forks, Impersonator Accounts, and stKeep3r Scam","severity":"high","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Two multi-million dollar Ethereum DeFi project forks just rug pulled their investors — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"Keep3r Network And CORE Just Rug Pulled Their Investors — DC Forecasts","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.dcforecasts.com/altcoin-news/keep3r-network-and-core-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"stKeep3r is a scam, right? — Yearn Finance Governance Forum","type":"community_report","url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172"}]},{"content":"","heading":"SEC Regulatory Scrutiny and Andre Cronje's 2022 Departure","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"How SEC scrutiny pushed DeFi innovator Andre Cronje to quit in 2022 — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje Details SEC Investigation That Led to DeFi Exit — MoneyCheck","type":"news_article","url":"https://moneycheck.com/andre-cronje-details-sec-investigation-that-led-to-defi-exit/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje explains why he quit DeFi in 2022 — PANews","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/wp4e6r8l"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje Reveals SEC Investigation Behind 2022 DeFi Departure — Blockonomi","type":"news_article","url":"https://blockonomi.com/andre-cronje-reveals-sec-investigation-behind-2022-defi-departure/"}]},{"content":"","heading":"Token Economics, Market Decline, and Current Status","severity":"medium","sources":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3rV1 price — CoinMarketCap","type":"on_chain","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/keep3rv1/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network Bug Bounties — Immunefi","type":"official","url":"https://immunefi.com/bug-bounty/keep3rnetwork/scope/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network — DefiLlama","type":"on_chain","url":"https://defillama.com/protocol/keep3r-network"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network overview — IQ.wiki","type":"other","url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/keep3r-network"}]}],"sources_used":[{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network v1 beta — Andre Cronje on Medium","type":"official","url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje's new KP3R token surges 2000% in hours — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network Token Pumps 3,000% — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","url":"https://beincrypto.com/keep3r-network-token-pumps-3000-after-defi-farmers-fomo-into-launch/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network exploited for over $200k — DAO Times","type":"news_article","url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"KP3R Vulnerability Report — Statemind","type":"research","url":"https://statemind.io/blog/kp3r-vulnerability-report"},{"credibility":1,"name":"Statemind Reveals 2-year-old Exploit in Keep3r Network — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html"},{"credibility":1,"name":"DeFi Lender Inverse Finance Exploited for $15.6M — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Inverse Finance DAO: INV Price Manipulation Incident","type":"official","url":"https://www.inverse.finance/blog/posts/en-US/inv-price-manipulation-incident"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Inverse Finance 02 April 2022 — CertiK","type":"research","url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/inverse-finance-02-april-2022"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Price Oracle Manipulation Attack on Inverse Finance — BlockSec","type":"research","url":"https://blocksecteam.medium.com/price-oracle-manipulation-attack-on-inverse-finance-a5544218ea91"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Two multi-million dollar Ethereum DeFi project forks rug-pulled — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/"},{"credibility":3,"name":"stKeep3r is a scam, right? — Yearn Finance Governance Forum","type":"community_report","url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172"},{"credibility":2,"name":"How SEC scrutiny pushed Andre Cronje to quit in 2022 — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje Details SEC Investigation — MoneyCheck","type":"news_article","url":"https://moneycheck.com/andre-cronje-details-sec-investigation-that-led-to-defi-exit/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje explains why he quit DeFi in 2022 — PANews","type":"news_article","url":"https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/wp4e6r8l"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3rV1 price — CoinMarketCap","type":"on_chain","url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/keep3rv1/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network Bug Bounties — Immunefi","type":"official","url":"https://immunefi.com/bug-bounty/keep3rnetwork/scope/"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network — IQ.wiki","type":"other","url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/keep3r-network"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Keep3r Network's KP3R Coin and Jobs Marketplace — Gemini Cryptopedia","type":"other","url":"https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/keep3r-network-crypto-kp3r-token-ethereum"},{"credibility":2,"name":"Andre Cronje Legendary DeFi Builder Is Leaving Crypto — Crypto Briefing","type":"news_article","url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/andre-cronje-legendary-defi-builder-leaving-crypto/"}],"summary":"Keep3r Network (KP3R) is a decentralized keeper-job matching protocol launched in October 2020 by Andre Cronje, the creator of Yearn Finance. The protocol has experienced multiple security incidents including a $211k exploit in June 2023, a latent two-year-old vulnerability in its GaugeProxyV2 contract discovered in September 2022, and its oracle was implicated in the $15.6M Inverse Finance hack of April 2022. ZachXBT has flagged the protocol in the context of broader DeFi security concerns, and the project has been surrounded by scam forks, impersonator accounts, and fraudulent staking services operated by unaffiliated parties.","timeline":[{"date":"2020-10-28","event":"Andre Cronje launches Keep3r Network v1 via a Medium post; no formal announcement, no token sale, no team allocation. KP3R token lists on Uniswap.","source":"Andre Cronje on Medium","source_url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a"},{"date":"2020-10-28","event":"KP3R token price surges from ~$1 to over $2,000 within hours on Uniswap, driven by speculative demand tied to Cronje's reputation, before crashing sharply as Cronje redeployed contracts.","source":"CoinTelegraph","source_url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours"},{"date":"2020-10-31","event":"Unauthorized KP3R fork KPER is rug-pulled within 24 hours of launch; developer mints 10 million tokens and drains approximately 1,837 ETH (~$623k) from the Uniswap pool.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/"},{"date":"2021-01-01","event":"SEC begins sending investigative letters to Andre Cronje requesting information about Yearn Finance and, subsequently, Keep3r Network's operational mechanics.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/"},{"date":"2021-06-01","event":"Fraudulent staking service stKeep3r operates under the Twitter account @kp3r_network, impersonating the official Keep3r project and offering approximately 1% daily returns on staked ETH and KP3R — a Ponzi-like structure. At least one user reports losing funds.","source":"Yearn Finance Governance Forum","source_url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172"},{"date":"2022-04-02","event":"Inverse Finance exploited for $15.6 million. The attacker manipulates the Keep3rV2Oracle TWAP oracle, exploiting a time-window validation flaw to inflate the INV token price and borrow against inflated collateral.","source":"CoinDesk","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million"},{"date":"2022-03-01","event":"Andre Cronje announces his departure from DeFi, later revealed to be driven in part by two years of SEC investigative correspondence. All of his affiliated protocols, including Keep3r Network, are impacted by community uncertainty.","source":"Crypto Briefing","source_url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/andre-cronje-legendary-defi-builder-leaving-crypto/"},{"date":"2022-09-01","event":"Security firm Statemind discloses a critical two-year-old vulnerability in Keep3r Network's GaugeProxyV2 contract that could allow manipulation of governance voting weights. No funds were lost. Five other DeFi protocols were also affected.","source":"PR Newswire","source_url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html"},{"date":"2023-06-02","event":"An attacker begins positioning for the June 2023 exploit by adding liquidity to a targeted Keep3r v1 job whose governance is controlled by a compromised vanity address.","source":"DAO Times","source_url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"date":"2023-06-12","event":"Attacker seizes governance of the vanity address job, manipulates the Sushi LP pool, and calls applyCreditsToJob to extract 4,084 KP3R (~$211k). Keep3r team publishes a post-mortem.","source":"DAO Times","source_url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"date":"2025-01-01","event":"Andre Cronje publicly reveals for the first time that SEC regulatory pressure was a central reason for his 2022 DeFi exit, providing previously undisclosed context about the investigation.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/"}]},"v":1}