tokenization

Nexera (formerly AllianceBlock) is a blockchain infrastructure protocol focused on compliant real-world asset tokenization, operating primarily on Ethereum. In August 2024, a threat actor later attributed to North Korea's Lazarus Group used social engineering and BeaverTail malware to steal smart contract management credentials, enabling unauthorized transfer of 47.24 million NXRA tokens valued at approximately $1.9 million. The team mitigated further losses by zeroing out and subsequently burning the 32.5 million tokens that remained in the attacker's wallet, limiting confirmed liquidated losses to roughly $449,000.

Pendle is a permissionless yield-trading protocol on Ethereum, launched in 2021 by TN Lee and Vu Nguyen, that allows users to separate and trade the principal and yield components of yield-bearing assets. In September 2024, Penpie — an independent yield optimizer built on top of Pendle — suffered a $27 million reentrancy exploit that was made possible in part by Pendle's permissionless market creation design. Although Pendle's own contracts were not directly exploited, the protocol's architecture contributed to the attack surface, and all 11,261 ETH in stolen funds were subsequently laundered through Tornado Cash.