{"investigation":{"slug":"zksync","entity_name":"ZKsync","trust_score":57,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":19,"confidence":0.82,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"ZKsync is an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling protocol built on zero-knowledge rollup technology, developed by Matter Labs, which has raised approximately $458 million in venture capital. The protocol has faced multiple significant controversies including a $5 million airdrop contract exploit in April 2025, a contentious 2024 token airdrop marred by sybil attack failures and community backlash, a South Korean regulatory probe into alleged price manipulation, compromised social media accounts spreading false SEC investigation claims, and an intellectual property theft lawsuit filed against Matter Labs by defunct firm BANKEX. User funds in the core protocol have not been directly compromised, but the pattern of incidents has substantially eroded community trust.","sections":[{"content":"ZKsync is an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution that uses zero-knowledge rollup (ZK rollup) technology to bundle transactions off-chain and submit cryptographic validity proofs to Ethereum mainnet. It was developed by Matter Labs, founded in 2018 by Alex Gluchowski, with co-founders including Alexandr Vlasov. Matter Labs has raised approximately $458 million in total venture capital, including a $200 million Series C round in November 2022 co-led by Blockchain Capital and Dragonfly, with participation from Andreessen Horowitz and others. The protocol launched its native ZK token in June 2024 as part of a community governance initiative called ZK Nation, with a total supply of 21 billion tokens.","heading":"Background and Overview","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/16/matter-labs-the-company-behind-zksync-raises-200-million-to-scale-ethereum/","name":"techcrunch.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/learn/what-is-zksync","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/zksync/profile","name":"messari.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On April 15, 2025, an attacker exploited a compromised admin private key associated with three ZKsync airdrop distribution smart contracts. Using the compromised key, the attacker called the sweepUnclaimed() function on the contracts, minting approximately 111 million ZK tokens — roughly 0.45% of total supply — valued at approximately $5 million. The compromised account was identified as 0x842822c797049269A3c29464221995C56da5587D, with stolen tokens moved to 0xb1027ed67f89c9f588e097f70807163fec1005d3. The ZK token price fell 15-20% following disclosure. ZKsync confirmed user funds in the core protocol were not at risk. The protocol collaborated with SEAL 911 and multiple centralized exchanges to trace the attacker. On April 21, ZKsync issued an on-chain safe harbor offer: return 90% of funds within 72 hours and retain 10% as a bounty, or face criminal referral. The attacker complied by April 23, returning over 44.6 million ZK tokens and approximately 1,800 ETH. Recovered funds were placed under ZKsync Security Council custody. ZKsync declared the case resolved.","heading":"April 2025 Airdrop Contract Exploit ($5 Million)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2025/04/15/zksync-admin-wallet-compromised-usd5m-stolen","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/zksync-suffers-usd5m-loss-after-admin-wallet-exploit","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/350839/zksync-discloses-5-million-attack-compromised-airdrop-contract-admin-account","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/316099/zksync-hacker-accepts-bounty-returns-nearly-5m-in-stolen-crypto","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/web3/2025/04/24/zksync-hacker-returns-5m-in-stolen-tokens-after-accepting-10-bounty","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-zksync-hack-april-2025","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On June 11, 2024, Matter Labs announced the ZK token airdrop, distributing 3.675 billion tokens (17.5% of total supply) to 695,232 eligible wallets from an originally engaged community estimated at 7 million addresses. The airdrop generated immediate and sustained controversy on multiple fronts. First, community members and security researchers widely criticized ZKsync's anti-sybil measures as inadequate. Mudit Gupta, Chief Information Security Officer at Polygon Labs, stated the airdrop was probably the 'most farmable and farmed airdrop ever,' describing the sybil filtering as presenting 'no Sybil filtering.' Analysis by on-chain trackers estimated that 746 known sybil attackers received approximately $6.9 million in ZK tokens, with individual sybil clusters accumulating over 2 million ZK tokens through wallets making identical ETH deposits on the same day. A separate estimate suggested 135 million ZK tokens may have reached sybil wallets, potentially worth up to $50 million at pre-market prices. Second, the exclusion criteria drew backlash: Element NFT Marketplace, ZKsync's largest marketplace generating over $20 million in protocol fees, was omitted. An ambassador at Immutable publicly accused the ZKsync team of favoritism, alleging the airdrop benefited 'inside supporters, not the community.' Third, immediately after token distribution on June 17, 2024, approximately 41% of the top 10,000 recipients sold their entire allocation within 24 hours, causing a 34.5% price decline on launch day. The hashtag #ZKsyncScam trended on social media. In the month following the airdrop, active addresses on the network fell approximately 78.7%.","heading":"2024 ZK Token Airdrop Controversy","sources":[{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/zksync-scam-hashtag-trending-airdrop-outrage/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/zksync-airdrop-controversy-exposed/","name":"cryptobriefing.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/zksync-faces-community-backlash-over-lack-of-anti-sybil-measures-in-zk-airdrop/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/300608/zksync-token-airdrop-sales-nansen","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinpedia.org/news/zksyncs-zk-price-drops-34-5-amid-controversial-airdrop-and-massive-sell-off/","name":"coinpedia.org","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://support.bitrue.com/hc/en-001/articles/33655629887897-ZKSync-s-Airdrop-Controversy-Community-Uproar-Over-Sybil-Attacks-and-Token-Distribution","name":"support.bitrue.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On February 1, 2025, the ZKsync (ZK) token surged approximately 970% on South Korean exchange Upbit over three hours — rising from around $0.023 to $0.24 — coinciding with a scheduled Upbit system maintenance window, before collapsing back to approximately $0.023 after maintenance ended. Trading volumes on Upbit ballooned over 4,000% that day, compared to a comparatively modest 150% increase on Coinbase where prices rose under 40%. Blockchain analysis identified approximately 15 wallet addresses that had been inactive prior to the event, which collectively purchased over 4.2 million ZK tokens in the 30 minutes before the outage and then sold at the peak, generating alleged profits of approximately $18.7 million. South Korea's Financial Supervisory Service subsequently launched a preliminary market surveillance review. The trading pattern was described by analysts as exhibiting characteristics consistent with coordinated pump-and-dump activity potentially involving advance knowledge of the maintenance timing. South Korea's Virtual Asset User Protection Act, which took effect in 2024, permits prison sentences over one year for market manipulation and fines of up to five times profits earned. No charges have been publicly confirmed as of May 2026.","heading":"South Korean Regulatory Probe — Alleged Price Manipulation (February 2025)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/markets/korean-regulators-probe-upbit-zksync-price-manipulation-after-970-surge/","name":"dlnews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinedition.com/south-korea-launches-probe-into-zksyncs-970-upbit-price-spike/","name":"coinedition.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinspot.io/en/analysis/zksync-price-manipulation-on-upbit-brings-18-7m-to-15-wallets-in-a-few-hours/","name":"coinspot.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/c6904-zksync-price-manipulation-upbit-investigation","name":"cryptorank.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On May 13, 2025, hackers gained unauthorized access to the official X (formerly Twitter) accounts of both ZKsync and Matter Labs. The attackers published posts falsely claiming ZKsync was under investigation by the US Securities and Exchange Commission and warning of potential Treasury Department sanctions. The false regulatory claims were followed by posts promoting a fake ZK token airdrop containing phishing links designed to drain user wallets. The ZK token price fell approximately 2% within an hour of the posts. Matter Labs communications head Lynnette Nolan attributed the breach to 'compromised delegated accounts' with limited posting privileges on behalf of the main accounts. Both accounts were subsequently secured and the malicious posts deleted. No actual SEC investigation into ZKsync has been announced or confirmed.","heading":"Social Media Compromise and Fake SEC Investigation Claims (May 2025)","sources":[{"url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/zksync-and-matter-labs-x-accounts-hacked-in-phishing-scam-false-claims-of-us-probe-spread/","name":"cryptonews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/zksync-x-account-hack-falsely-claim-sec-probe-bid-crash-token","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/zksync-x-accounts-hacked-to-promote-fake-sec-warnings-and-malicious-airdrop/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://defi-planet.com/2025/05/zksync-and-matter-labs-x-accounts-hacked-in-phishing-scam-with-fake-sec-claims/","name":"defi-planet.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On March 19, 2025, BANKEX — a defunct blockchain firm — along with CEO Igor Khmel and BANKEX Foundation, filed a complaint against Matter Labs in the New York State Supreme Court alleging intellectual property theft. The complaint names Matter Labs co-founders Alexandr Vlasov and Petr Korolev as former BANKEX employees who allegedly secretly developed Matter Labs using BANKEX resources while still employed there, and covertly transferred BANKEX's codebase — originally developed for Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin's Plasma project — to start Matter Labs. Also named as defendants are Matter Labs CEO Alex Gluchowski, crypto fund Dragonfly, and Chris Burniske, a partner at Placeholder Capital, for alleged involvement and knowledge of the theft. Matter Labs received over $450 million in venture capital and Vlasov currently serves as head of R&D. Matter Labs publicly responded: 'We believe these claims are entirely without merit. ZKsync is original technology that is not based on or derived from any code developed by Bankex.' The case was pending as of available reporting.","heading":"BANKEX Intellectual Property Lawsuit Against Matter Labs","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2025/04/22/matter-labs-zksync-developer-sued-for-alleged-intellectual-property-theft","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/matter-labs-sued-by-bankex-over-alleged-theft-of-technology/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/matter-labs-sued-over-zksync-ip-5-7m-stolen-tokens-recovered-after-april-15-hack-dac77b11","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"The ZK token reached an all-time high of approximately $0.3285 on June 17, 2024, the day of the airdrop, and has since declined approximately 85-95% from that peak. The token has spent minimal time above its June 2024 launch price of $0.2139, with the only sustained period above that level occurring briefly during the broader market rally in December 2024. Following the April 2025 exploit, ZK hit a recorded low near $0.04. Network activity metrics deteriorated significantly post-airdrop, with active addresses falling approximately 78.7% in the month after token distribution, consistent with patterns observed in projects where the airdrop itself was the primary user retention mechanism. Matter Labs holds 16.1% of the total ZK supply as its developer allocation.","heading":"Token Price Performance and Community Attrition","sources":[{"url":"https://coinpedia.org/news/zksyncs-zk-price-drops-34-5-amid-controversial-airdrop-and-massive-sell-off/","name":"coinpedia.org","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.ccn.com/analysis/crypto/zksync-zk-price-prediction/","name":"ccn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/zksync-hack-token-dump-embezzlement/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2018","event":"Matter Labs founded by Alex Gluchowski and co-founders.","source":"","date_original":"2018-01-01"},{"date":"2022-11-16","event":"Matter Labs closes $200 million Series C funding round co-led by Blockchain Capital and Dragonfly, with participation from Andreessen Horowitz. Total funding reaches approximately $458 million.","source":""},{"date":"2024-06-11","event":"Matter Labs announces the ZK token airdrop, allocating 17.5% of 21 billion total supply to community wallets.","source":""},{"date":"2024-06-17","event":"ZK token airdrop goes live to 695,232 eligible wallets. Token peaks at $0.3285. Within 24 hours, 41% of top recipients sell their full allocation, causing a 34.5% price drop. #ZKsyncScam trends on social media. Active addresses subsequently fall ~78.7% over the following month.","source":""},{"date":"2025-02","event":"ZK token surges 970% on South Korean exchange Upbit during a scheduled maintenance window, then collapses back to pre-surge levels. Approximately 15 wallets allegedly profit $18.7 million. South Korea's Financial Supervisory Service opens a market surveillance review.","source":"","date_original":"2025-02-01"},{"date":"2025-03-19","event":"BANKEX files intellectual property theft lawsuit against Matter Labs in New York State Supreme Court, alleging co-founders stole BANKEX technology to build ZKsync.","source":""},{"date":"2025-04-15","event":"Compromised admin private key used to call sweepUnclaimed() on three ZKsync airdrop contracts, minting 111 million ZK tokens (~$5 million). ZK price falls 15-20%. ZKsync states user funds in the core protocol are not at risk.","source":""},{"date":"2025-04-21","event":"ZKsync issues on-chain safe harbor offer to the April 15 attacker: return 90% of funds within 72 hours and retain 10% as a bounty, or face criminal referral.","source":""},{"date":"2025-04-23","event":"Attacker accepts the safe harbor offer, returning over 44.6 million ZK tokens and approximately 1,800 ETH. ZKsync declares the case resolved. Recovered funds placed under Security Council custody.","source":""},{"date":"2025-04-22","event":"CoinDesk reports on the BANKEX lawsuit against Matter Labs filed March 19, bringing broader industry attention to the IP allegations.","source":""},{"date":"2025-05-13","event":"Official X accounts of ZKsync and Matter Labs are compromised. Hackers post false SEC investigation and Treasury sanctions warnings, followed by phishing airdrop links. ZK token falls ~2%. Accounts later secured; Matter Labs attributes breach to compromised delegated accounts.","source":""}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/16/matter-labs-the-company-behind-zksync-raises-200-million-to-scale-ethereum/","name":"techcrunch.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260726074405/https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/16/matter-labs-the-company-behind-zksync-raises-200-million-to-scale-ethereum/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T07:44:05+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/learn/what-is-zksync","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260214231628/https://www.coingecko.com/learn/what-is-zksync","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-02-14T23:16:28+00:00"},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/zksync/profile","name":"messari.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2025/04/15/zksync-admin-wallet-compromised-usd5m-stolen","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260105184846/https://www.coindesk.com/business/2025/04/15/zksync-admin-wallet-compromised-usd5m-stolen","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-05T18:48:46+00:00"},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/zksync-suffers-usd5m-loss-after-admin-wallet-exploit","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260109040008/https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/zksync-suffers-usd5m-loss-after-admin-wallet-exploit","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-09T04:00:08+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/350839/zksync-discloses-5-million-attack-compromised-airdrop-contract-admin-account","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260429184110/https://www.theblock.co/post/350839/zksync-discloses-5-million-attack-compromised-airdrop-contract-admin-account","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-29T18:41:10+00:00"},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/316099/zksync-hacker-accepts-bounty-returns-nearly-5m-in-stolen-crypto","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260606225011/https://decrypt.co/316099/zksync-hacker-accepts-bounty-returns-nearly-5m-in-stolen-crypto","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-06T22:50:11+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/web3/2025/04/24/zksync-hacker-returns-5m-in-stolen-tokens-after-accepting-10-bounty","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260306015537/https://www.coindesk.com/web3/2025/04/24/zksync-hacker-returns-5m-in-stolen-tokens-after-accepting-10-bounty","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-03-06T01:55:37+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-zksync-hack-april-2025","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414123753/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-zksync-hack-april-2025","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T12:37:53+00:00"},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/zksync-scam-hashtag-trending-airdrop-outrage/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/zksync-airdrop-controversy-exposed/","name":"cryptobriefing.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251123150654/https://cryptobriefing.com/zksync-airdrop-controversy-exposed/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-23T15:06:54+00:00"},{"url":"https://crypto.news/zksync-faces-community-backlash-over-lack-of-anti-sybil-measures-in-zk-airdrop/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829074516/https://crypto.news/zksync-faces-community-backlash-over-lack-of-anti-sybil-measures-in-zk-airdrop/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T07:45:16+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/300608/zksync-token-airdrop-sales-nansen","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251117050203/https://www.theblock.co/post/300608/zksync-token-airdrop-sales-nansen","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-17T05:02:03+00:00"},{"url":"https://coinpedia.org/news/zksyncs-zk-price-drops-34-5-amid-controversial-airdrop-and-massive-sell-off/","name":"coinpedia.org","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:not-found","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://support.bitrue.com/hc/en-001/articles/33655629887897-ZKSync-s-Airdrop-Controversy-Community-Uproar-Over-Sybil-Attacks-and-Token-Distribution","name":"support.bitrue.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251006194601/https://support.bitrue.com/hc/en-001/articles/33655629887897-ZKSync-s-Airdrop-Controversy-Community-Uproar-Over-Sybil-Attacks-and-Token-Distribution","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-06T19:46:01+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/markets/korean-regulators-probe-upbit-zksync-price-manipulation-after-970-surge/"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