{"investigation":{"slug":"zetachain","entity_name":"ZetaChain","trust_score":62,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":16,"confidence":0.72,"status":"draft","content_type":"investigation","summary":"ZetaChain is a Layer-1 blockchain founded in 2021 that enables omnichain smart contracts and native cross-chain interoperability across Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other networks without bridges. The protocol launched its mainnet beta in January 2024, raised $27 million in a Series A in August 2023, and achieved EU MiCAR compliance and DFSA recognition. In April 2026, it suffered a $333,868 exploit of its GatewayEVM smart contract targeting internal team wallets; no user funds were lost, though the team acknowledged it had previously overlooked a bug bounty report flagging the same vulnerability.","sections":[{"content":"ZetaChain describes itself as a universal Layer-1 blockchain built on the Cosmos SDK with Tendermint consensus. Its primary technical claim is enabling omnichain decentralized applications (odApps) that can interact natively with Bitcoin, Ethereum, BNB Chain, Solana, and other networks without relying on traditional bridge architectures. The ZRC-20 token standard allows native assets from connected chains to be represented and managed within ZetaChain smart contracts. The project started in 2021 and by 2025 had reportedly processed over 225 million transactions. Its ZetaClient component was upgraded in November 2025 to support more complex multi-chain transaction patterns.","heading":"Overview and Technology","sources":[{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/introducing-zetachain","name":"ZetaChain: The First Universal Blockchain (official blog)","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/zetachain","name":"ZetaChain Price, ZETA to USD, Research — Messari","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"ZetaChain was co-founded by Ankur Nandwani, Panruo Wu, and Brandon Truong. Nandwani previously worked at Coinbase and Brave, contributed to the 0x protocol, and was an early contributor to the Basic Attention Token (BAT) project; he later joined Ribbit Capital before founding ZetaChain. Panruo Wu is described as an early THORchain contributor. Brandon Truong, co-founder and Chief Product Officer, studied symbolic systems at Stanford and previously founded a social application company that was acquired, and worked at BuzzFeed and Udacity. Advisors include Nathalie McGrath, Coinbase's first Head of People, and Juan Suarez, former in-house counsel at Coinbase. No derogatory background findings were identified for any named individual at the time of this writing.","heading":"Team and Founders","sources":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html","name":"ZetaChain Raises $27M — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptonews.com/exclusives/fzsevrxok7eay51nut/","name":"Brandon Truong interview — CryptoNews","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/ankur-nandwani","name":"Ankur Nandwani profile — IQ.wiki","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"ZetaChain closed a seed round in March 2022 (amount undisclosed) and a $27 million Series A round announced on August 17, 2023. Participants in the Series A included Blockchain.com, Human Capital, VY Capital, Sky9 Capital, Jane Street Capital, VistaLabs, CMT Digital, Foundation Capital, Lingfeng Capital, GSR, Kudasai, and Krust. The level of institutional participation from recognized crypto and traditional finance names is consistent with an established early-stage project.","heading":"Funding and Investors","sources":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html","name":"ZetaChain Raises $27M for Interoperable Layer-1 — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://blockworks.com/news/zetachain-funding-dapp","name":"ZetaChain Series A — Blockworks","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/zetachain","name":"ZetaChain — Crunchbase","type":"other","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On April 26, 2026, ZetaChain's GatewayEVM smart contract was exploited across nine transactions on Ethereum, Arbitrum, Base, and BNB Chain, draining $333,868 in stablecoins (USDC and USDT). The theft targeted internal team-controlled wallets only; no user funds were lost.\n\nIn its post-mortem, ZetaChain identified three design weaknesses that were individually non-critical but lethal in combination: (1) the GatewayZEVM.call() function lacked access control and input validation, allowing any address to initiate arbitrary cross-chain calls; (2) the GatewayEVM.execute() function accepted incoming commands including arbitrary transferFrom instructions without sufficient validation; and (3) users who had previously deposited tokens via GatewayEVM.deposit() had granted unlimited ERC-20 spending approvals that were never revoked, which the attacker leveraged.\n\nZetaChain also acknowledged in its post-mortem that the core vulnerability had been raised earlier through its bug bounty program but was not treated as a threat at the time, because none of the three weaknesses appeared critical in isolation. The team stated this prompted a reassessment of how it handles reports describing complex attack combinations. The attacker funded their wallet through Tornado Cash approximately three days before the exploit and used address poisoning tactics.\n\nZetaChain responded by pausing cross-chain transactions immediately after detection, deploying a patch that eliminates arbitrary call functionality in GatewayZEVM.call(), and replacing unlimited token approvals with exact-amount approvals. This incident is categorized as a suffered exploit (external attacker), not internal fraud.","heading":"April 2026 GatewayEVM Exploit","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/29/how-a-perfect-storm-of-3-bugs-led-to-zetachains-333k-gatewayevm-exploit/","name":"How a 'Perfect Storm' of 3 Bugs Led to ZetaChain's $333K GatewayEVM Exploit — CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://crypto.news/zetachain-admits-overlooking-bug-bounty-report-before-334k-exploit/","name":"ZetaChain admits overlooking bug bounty report before $334K exploit — crypto.news","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/399315/zetachain-post-mortem","name":"ZetaChain identifies cross-chain messaging loophole as root of targeted exploit — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/zetachain-gatewayzevm-exploit-mainnet-paused/","name":"Zetachain Pauses Mainnet After GatewayZEVM Contract Exploit — Bitcoin.com News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptonews.net/news/security/32773479/","name":"ZetaChain Attack Halts Cross-Chain Transactions — CryptoNews.net","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"ZetaChain has engaged multiple security firms. It maintains a partnership with Halborn covering end-to-end security review phases including architecture reviews, smart contract audits, penetration testing, and ongoing threat intelligence. The project also uses Chainalysis for on-chain monitoring. Public audit reports include engagements from Cantina (January 2024) and Sherlock (April 2025), available in the project's public GitHub audit-reports repository. Hacken has also performed audits. Notwithstanding this audit coverage, the April 2026 exploit demonstrated that a chained vulnerability across three design weaknesses was not identified pre-deployment, and a bug bounty report describing related behavior was dismissed. The protocol's cross-chain architecture inherently carries elevated attack surface risk compared to single-chain deployments.","heading":"Security Posture and Audits","sources":[{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/strengthening-our-security-with-chainalysis-and-halborn","name":"Strengthening our Security with Chainalysis and Halborn — ZetaChain Blog","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://hacken.io/audits/zetachain/","name":"ZetaChain audits by Hacken","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://github.com/zeta-chain/audit-reports","name":"Public Audit Reports — GitHub (zeta-chain/audit-reports)","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"The ZETA token has a total fixed supply of 2,100,000,000. Allocations are: Protocol Treasury 24%, Core Contributors 22.5%, Purchasers and Advisors 16%, Ecosystem Growth Fund 12%, User Growth Pool 10%, Validator Incentives 10%, and Liquidity Incentives 5.5%. Most allocations use cliff vesting with the full schedule extending to 2028. After approximately four years, the protocol plans to introduce approximately 2.5% annual inflation. As of the most recent available data, circulating supply was approximately 1.46 billion tokens. The combined Core Contributors and Purchasers/Advisors allocation (38.5%) is notable and subject to ongoing unlock events through 2028. One concern noted in community analysis from March 2025 was a single wallet reportedly holding over 70% of supply, though this likely represents the Protocol Treasury or a custodial address rather than an individual holder; no primary source independently confirmed this breakdown. Community feedback after the February 2024 mainnet launch included complaints that only 1.5% of total supply was allocated to testnet user rewards, with some users describing distribution as weighted toward referral activity rather than contribution volume.","heading":"Token Distribution and Tokenomics","sources":[{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/docs/about/token-utility/distribution","name":"ZETA Distribution — ZetaChain Docs","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://tokenomist.ai/zetachain","name":"ZetaChain (ZETA) Tokenomics and Vesting Schedule — TokenomistAI","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/price/zetachain/vesting","name":"ZetaChain Token Unlocks and Vesting — CryptoRank","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://medium.com/@sebastianseliga/the-airdrop-of-zeta-tokens-for-testnet-activities-has-been-distributed-among-early-users-but-this-a3c8b152658b","name":"Community airdrop dissatisfaction — Medium (Sebastian Seliga)","type":"community_report","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"ZetaChain announced on October 27, 2025 that it had published a MiCAR (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation, EU 2023/1114) white paper, describing ZETA as among the first Layer-1 network tokens to achieve MiCAR compliance. The ZETA token also received recognition by the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) under its Crypto Token Regime, authorizing its use within the Dubai International Financial Centre. No actions by the U.S. SEC, CFTC, DOJ, or other enforcement bodies were identified in connection with ZetaChain or its principals at the time of this writing. Note: Zeta Global Holdings Corp. (NYSE: ZETA), a separate marketing technology company, faces unrelated securities fraud litigation and should not be confused with ZetaChain.","heading":"Regulatory Status","sources":[{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/zetachain-achieves-micar-compliance-and-dfsa-recognition-expanding-zeta","name":"ZetaChain Achieves MiCAR Compliance and DFSA Recognition — ZetaChain Blog","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/zetachain-achieves-eu-micar-compliance-and-dfsa-accreditation-30497","name":"ZetaChain Secures EU MiCAR Compliance and DFSA Approval — Phemex News","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"Security researchers have identified fraudulent websites impersonating ZetaChain to operate crypto wallet drainers, using near-identical design to the official ZetaChain site and advertising fake ZETA airdrops. These are third-party scams exploiting ZetaChain's brand; they are not operations of or attributable to the ZetaChain protocol or its team. Users should only interact with the official domain zetachain.com.","heading":"Third-Party Scams Using ZetaChain Branding","sources":[{"url":"https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/28854-zetachain-airdrop-scam","name":"ZetaChain Airdrop Scam — PCRisk removal guide","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"ZETA launched on public markets around February 2024 and reached an all-time high of approximately $2.85 on February 15, 2024. By June 2026, the token had fallen to an all-time low of approximately $0.034, representing a decline of over 98% from its peak. Price prediction services attribute the decline to a combination of broad crypto market weakness, the April 2026 security incident, and general underperformance in the cross-chain infrastructure sector. No evidence was found of market manipulation, insider trading, or wash trading allegations specific to ZetaChain at the time of this writing.","heading":"Token Price Performance and Market Context","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zetachain/","name":"ZetaChain price today — CoinMarketCap","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.ccn.com/analysis/crypto/zetachain-zeta-price-prediction/","name":"ZetaChain Price Prediction 2025: Bearish Trends — CCN","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2021","event":"ZetaChain founded by Ankur Nandwani, Panruo Wu, and Brandon Truong.","source":"PR Newswire / ZetaChain Blog","source_url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html","date_original":"2021-01-01"},{"date":"2022-03","event":"ZetaChain closes an undisclosed seed funding round.","source":"Crunchbase / Blockworks","source_url":"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/zetachain","date_original":"2022-03-01"},{"date":"2023-08-17","event":"ZetaChain announces $27 million Series A funding round led by Blockchain.com, VY Capital, Sky9 Capital, Jane Street Capital, and others.","source":"PR Newswire","source_url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html"},{"date":"2024","event":"ZetaChain Mainnet Beta launches; ZETA token airdrop distributed to over 800,000 testnet participants (31.5 million ZETA, approximately 1.5% of total supply). Community complaints emerge about referral-weighted distribution.","source":"ZetaChain Blog / Medium community reports","source_url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/announcing-zetachain-mainnet-beta-launch","date_original":"2024-01-01"},{"date":"2024-02-15","event":"ZETA token reaches all-time high of approximately $2.85.","source":"CoinMarketCap","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zetachain/"},{"date":"2025-03-11","event":"ZETA hits then-all-time low of approximately $0.1851.","source":"CoinMarketCap / CCN price analysis","source_url":"https://www.ccn.com/analysis/crypto/zetachain-zeta-price-prediction/"},{"date":"2025-10-27","event":"ZetaChain publishes EU MiCAR-compliant white paper; ZETA described as one of the first Layer-1 tokens to achieve MiCAR compliance.","source":"ZetaChain Blog","source_url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/zetachain-achieves-micar-compliance-and-dfsa-recognition-expanding-zeta"},{"date":"2025-11","event":"ZetaClient performance upgrade released, enhancing multi-chain transaction capabilities.","source":"CoinMarketCap AI / ZetaChain updates","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/zetachain/latest-updates/","date_original":"2025-11-01"},{"date":"2026-04-26","event":"GatewayEVM smart contract exploited across nine transactions on Ethereum, Arbitrum, Base, and BNB Chain. $333,868 in stablecoins drained from internal team wallets. No user funds lost. Cross-chain transactions paused.","source":"The Block / CryptoTimes / crypto.news","source_url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/28/zetachain-halts-cross-chain-activity-after-gatewayevm-smart-contract-exploit/"},{"date":"2026-04-29","event":"ZetaChain publishes post-mortem acknowledging three chained vulnerabilities and admitting a prior bug bounty report flagging the same weakness was not treated as a threat. Patch deployed; arbitrary call functionality disabled.","source":"crypto.news / CryptoTimes","source_url":"https://crypto.news/zetachain-admits-overlooking-bug-bounty-report-before-334k-exploit/"},{"date":"2026-06-06","event":"ZETA token reaches new all-time low of approximately $0.0336.","source":"CoinMarketCap / CCN","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zetachain/"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/introducing-zetachain","name":"ZetaChain: The First Universal Blockchain — official blog","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260419054410/https://www.zetachain.com/blog/introducing-zetachain","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-19T05:44:10+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html","name":"ZetaChain Raises $27M for Interoperable Layer-1 — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260421174848/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zetachain-raises-27m-for-interoperable-layer-1-blockchain-that-connects-all-chains-including-bitcoin-cosmos-and-ethereum-301903593.html","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-21T17:48:48+00:00"},{"url":"https://blockworks.com/news/zetachain-funding-dapp","name":"ZetaChain Series A Funding — Blockworks","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/399315/zetachain-post-mortem","name":"ZetaChain identifies cross-chain messaging loophole — The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260430060812/https://www.theblock.co/post/399315/zetachain-post-mortem","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-30T06:08:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/29/how-a-perfect-storm-of-3-bugs-led-to-zetachains-333k-gatewayevm-exploit/","name":"How a Perfect Storm of 3 Bugs Led to ZetaChain's $333K GatewayEVM Exploit — CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724165817/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/29/how-a-perfect-storm-of-3-bugs-led-to-zetachains-333k-gatewayevm-exploit/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T16:58:17+00:00"},{"url":"https://crypto.news/zetachain-admits-overlooking-bug-bounty-report-before-334k-exploit/","name":"ZetaChain admits overlooking bug bounty report before $334K exploit — crypto.news","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260517145208/https://crypto.news/zetachain-admits-overlooking-bug-bounty-report-before-334k-exploit/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-17T14:52:08+00:00"},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/zetachain-gatewayzevm-exploit-mainnet-paused/","name":"Zetachain Pauses Mainnet After GatewayZEVM Contract Exploit — Bitcoin.com News","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260429055239/https://news.bitcoin.com/zetachain-gatewayzevm-exploit-mainnet-paused/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-29T05:52:39+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptonews.net/news/security/32773479/","name":"ZetaChain Attack Halts Cross-Chain Transactions — CryptoNews.net","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260818233533/https://cryptonews.net/news/security/32773479/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-18T23:35:33+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/28/zetachain-halts-cross-chain-activity-after-gatewayevm-smart-contract-exploit/","name":"ZetaChain Halts Cross-Chain Activity After GatewayEVM — CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724163007/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/04/28/zetachain-halts-cross-chain-activity-after-gatewayevm-smart-contract-exploit/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T16:30:07+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.zetachain.com/blog/zetachain-achieves-micar-compliance-and-dfsa-recognition-expanding-zeta","name":"ZetaChain Achieves MiCAR Compliance and DFSA Recognition — ZetaChain 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