{"investigation":{"slug":"verus-ethereum-bridge","entity_name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge","trust_score":8,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":-10,"confidence":0.88,"status":"draft","content_type":"investigation","summary":"The Verus Ethereum Bridge is a cross-chain infrastructure component of the VerusCoin (VRSC) protocol, enabling value transfers between the Verus network and Ethereum. The bridge suffered two major exploits in 2026—on May 18 ($11.58M) and July 23 ($7.54M)—both caused by the same unpatched validation gap in its submitImports function, producing total confirmed losses of approximately $19.1M. The failure to patch a known critical flaw before reloading user funds into the bridge on July 8, 2026, and the absence of a public post-mortem following the second attack, represent severe governance failures that have driven TVL from roughly $100M (early 2025) to approximately $9M.","sections":[{"content":"The Verus Ethereum Bridge is a cross-chain bridge component of the VerusCoin (VRSC) ecosystem, designed to allow users to move ETH and ERC-20 assets between the Ethereum network and the Verus blockchain. VerusCoin launched in 2018 with a fair-launch model—no ICO or pre-mine—and is led by Michael Toutonghi, a former vice president and technical fellow at Microsoft and a recognized architect of Microsoft's .NET framework. At its peak in early 2025, the bridge held approximately $100M in total value locked. By July 2026, following two major exploits, TVL had collapsed to approximately $9M.","heading":"Overview and Background","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@michaeltoutonghi/what-inspired-the-creation-of-verus-coin-and-how-long-has-it-been-in-development-12731aaa9be4","name":"What inspired the creation of Verus Coin - Michael Toutonghi on Medium","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-suffers-11-5m-hack-as-bridge-related-exploits-hit-329m-in-2026/","name":"Verus suffers $11.5M hack as bridge-related exploits hit $329M in 2026 - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On May 18, 2026 at approximately 11:55 p.m. UTC, an attacker exploited the Verus Ethereum Bridge's submitImports function, draining approximately $11.58M in assets including 103.6 tBTC, 1,625 ETH, and 147,000 USDC. The root cause was a validation gap in the bridge's checkCCEValues verification routine: the contract verified notary signatures and Merkle proofs but failed to confirm that the value committed on the Verus source chain matched the payout released on the Ethereum side. This allowed a forged cross-chain import payload to pass all cryptographic checks while committing minimal value (approximately $10 in VRSC fees) on the source chain, yielding a payout exceeding $11M. The stolen assets were rapidly consolidated into approximately 5,402.4 ETH and moved to a drainer wallet (0x65Cb8b128Bf6e690761044CCECA422bb239C25F9). Security firms Blockaid and PeckShield detected the exploit in real time. Merkle Science subsequently identified the flaw as approximately ten lines of missing Solidity validation inside checkCCEValues, and issued guidance urging users to refrain from using the bridge until the flaw was resolved and independently audited.","heading":"First Exploit — May 18, 2026 ($11.58M)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/05/18/yet-another-crypto-bridge-falls-victim-to-an-usd11-million-hack","name":"Yet another crypto bridge falls victim to an $11 million hack - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/401571/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploit","name":"Ongoing exploit drains $11.6 million from Verus-Ethereum bridge: Blockaid - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/hack-track-the-11-58m-verus-bridge-hack","name":"Hack Track: The $11.58M Verus Bridge Hack - Merkle Science","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-may-2026","name":"Explained: The Verus-Ethereum Bridge Hack (May 2026) - Halborn","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptopotato.com/hacker-steals-over-11m-from-verus-ethereum-bridge/","name":"Hacker Steals Over $11M From Verus-Ethereum Bridge - CryptoPotato","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"Following the May 18 exploit, the Verus team negotiated a partial recovery with the attacker. On May 22, 2026, the attacker returned 4,052.4 ETH (approximately $8.5M, representing 75% of the converted stolen funds) to the Verus team. The team publicly agreed to treat the remaining 1,350 ETH (approximately $2.8M) as the attacker's bounty, and stated it would halt all investigations if the attacker complied with the return terms within 24 hours. On-chain analysts confirmed the return on The Block. The May attacker's identity was not publicly disclosed, and no law enforcement referral was reported.","heading":"Partial Recovery and Bounty Settlement — May 22, 2026","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/05/22/verus-hacker-returns-8-5m-after-bridge-exploit-deal/","name":"Verus Hacker Returns $8.5M After Bridge Exploit Deal - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/402319/verus-bridge-exploiter-returns-4052-eth","name":"Verus bridge exploiter returns 4,052 ETH, retains $2.8 million bounty - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://en.coin-turk.com/stolen-4052-eth-returned-after-11-3m-verus-bridge-hack/","name":"Stolen 4,052 ETH returned after $11.3M Verus bridge hack - Coin Turk","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Despite the known, documented, and publicly disclosed vulnerability in the bridge's checkCCEValues function—and explicit guidance from Merkle Science that the bridge should not be used until independently audited—the Verus team redeposited the recovered funds into the same bridge contract on July 8, 2026, according to on-chain records compiled by security researchers. No public announcement of a completed patch or independent audit was made prior to this redeposition. The bridge reopened to user activity with the same unpatched critical flaw still present. This decision to reload user funds into a contract with a known active vulnerability is considered by multiple security researchers to be a severe governance failure. The redeposition occurred 15 days before the second exploit.","heading":"Governance Failure — Funds Reloaded Before Patch (July 8, 2026)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart","name":"Bitcoin, Ethereum-linked protocols lose $35 million in multiple attacks hours apart - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-bridge-second-exploit-flaw-unfixed/","name":"Verus bridge hit by second exploit, flaw remains unfixed - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/409489/new-verus-ethereum-bridge-attack","name":"New Verus-Ethereum bridge attack drains $7.5 million through flaw used in May: Blockaid - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":1}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"At approximately 03:45 UTC on July 23, 2026, the Verus Ethereum Bridge was exploited a second time using the same attack vector as the May incident. The attacker abused the bridge's import path—specifically the submitImports function and its underlying checkCCEValues validation gap—to trigger Ethereum-side payouts not backed by matching value on the Verus chain. The single primary transaction (hash: 0xa1f1e65c1cea4dba4ae439cd4dcdba6cc2dbda0ed1228e61f29ae9c9324eb099) drained approximately $7.54M in assets including ETH, tBTC, USDC, USDT, EURC, MKR, and scrvUSD from bridge contract 0x71518580f36FeCEFfE0721F06bA4703218cD7F63. The attacker wallet (0xBda71b58cEc0b1C20A8f87cCD52FA0679747855c) routed funds to a loot wallet (0xCFd0A20703cD11E0b9f665e1C3F1Ef989C142D54). Approximately 3,916 ETH was consolidated and portions were routed through Tornado Cash, significantly impeding recovery. Blockaid and independent researcher exvulsec detected the exploit within minutes. The July 23 attacker was distinct from the May attacker and showed no indication of a white-hat bounty arrangement. At publication time, VerusCoin had not issued a public post-mortem for the July incident.","heading":"Second Exploit — July 23, 2026 ($7.54M)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/07/23/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploited-again-for-7-54m-in-repeat-attack/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge Exploited Again for $7.54M in Repeat Attack - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart","name":"Bitcoin, Ethereum-linked protocols lose $35 million in multiple attacks hours apart - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/409489/new-verus-ethereum-bridge-attack","name":"New Verus-Ethereum bridge attack drains $7.5 million through flaw used in May: Blockaid - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://crypto.news/verus-ethereum-bridge-hacked-again-for-7-54m-after-may-exploit/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge hacked again for $7.54M after May exploit - crypto.news","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://ambcrypto.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hit-by-second-hack-as-7-54m-vanishes/","name":"Verus-Ethereum Bridge Hit by Second Hack as $7.54M Vanishes - AMBCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"Both exploits shared an identical root cause: approximately ten lines of missing Solidity validation in the bridge's checkCCEValues function. The bridge verified notary signatures and Merkle proofs but did not confirm that the committed source-chain value matched the payout amount released on Ethereum. This allowed an attacker to construct a forged cross-chain import payload that passed all cryptographic verification while committing zero or near-zero economic value on the Verus side. Security researchers from Merkle Science and Halborn noted that this flaw is structurally analogous to the verification gaps that enabled the 2022 Wormhole ($325M) and Nomad ($190M) bridge exploits. The flaw was publicly disclosed and well-understood between the two attacks, yet the bridge contract was not patched or replaced before user funds were reloaded on July 8, 2026.","heading":"Technical Vulnerability Analysis","sources":[{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/hack-track-the-11-58m-verus-bridge-hack","name":"Hack Track: The $11.58M Verus Bridge Hack - Merkle Science","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-may-2026","name":"Explained: The Verus-Ethereum Bridge Hack (May 2026) - Halborn","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-bridge-second-exploit-flaw-unfixed/","name":"Verus bridge hit by second exploit, flaw remains unfixed - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptoskeptic.org/guides/verus-bridge-exploit","name":"The $11.5M Logic Vacation: Autopsy of the Verus Bridge Exploit - CryptoSkeptic","type":"research","credibility":3}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"The Verus Ethereum Bridge held approximately $100M in total value locked at the start of 2025. Following the May 2026 exploit, TVL declined sharply. After the second exploit on July 23, 2026, TVL had collapsed to approximately $9M—a decline of roughly 91% from peak. Total confirmed losses across both attacks stand at approximately $19.1M: $11.58M in May (partially recovered via bounty deal, net loss approximately $2.8M in unrecovered bounty plus user disruption) and $7.54M in July (no recovery reported as of publication). The July 23 attack occurred as part of a broader day of multi-protocol exploits totaling approximately $35.55M across Verus, AFX Trade (approximately $24.15M on Arbitrum), and B-squared Network (approximately $3.86M), though the Verus exploit was not alleged to be coordinated with those other incidents.","heading":"TVL Collapse and Financial Impact","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart","name":"Bitcoin, Ethereum-linked protocols lose $35 million in multiple attacks hours apart - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-suffers-11-5m-hack-as-bridge-related-exploits-hit-329m-in-2026/","name":"Verus suffers $11.5M hack as bridge-related exploits hit $329M in 2026 - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://coincentral.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-drained-of-7-54m-in-repeat-exploit/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge Drained of $7.54M in Repeat Exploit - CoinCentral","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Following both exploits, VerusCoin's public communications have been limited. After the May 2026 exploit, the team issued terms for the bounty negotiation and confirmed the recovery of 4,052.4 ETH, but no comprehensive post-mortem or timeline for remediation was publicly released. After the July 23, 2026 exploit, VerusCoin had not issued a public statement at the time of publication across multiple reporting outlets. The absence of post-mortems, the lack of a publicly announced completed audit between May and July, and the decision to reload the bridge without documented patch verification are governance transparency concerns noted by security firms and analysts. Merkle Science's post-May recommendation that users refrain from using the bridge pending independent audit appears not to have been followed before the July 8 redeposition.","heading":"Transparency and Communication","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-bridge-second-exploit-flaw-unfixed/","name":"Verus bridge hit by second exploit, flaw remains unfixed - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://crypto.news/verus-ethereum-bridge-hacked-again-for-7-54m-after-may-exploit/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge hacked again for $7.54M after May exploit - crypto.news","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/hack-track-the-11-58m-verus-bridge-hack","name":"Hack Track: The $11.58M Verus Bridge Hack - Merkle Science","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Following the July 23 exploit, the attacker consolidated approximately 3,916 ETH through decentralized exchanges and routed portions through Tornado Cash, significantly impeding traceability and recovery. No white-hat negotiation or voluntary return has been reported for the July attacker. The May attacker's 1,350 ETH bounty ($2.8M) was formally retained and is not recoverable. The July 2026 stolen funds are considered unlikely to be recovered in whole given the Tornado Cash routing. No law enforcement or regulatory referrals have been publicly announced in connection with either exploit.","heading":"Fund Movement and Recovery Prospects","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/07/23/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploited-again-for-7-54m-in-repeat-attack/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge Exploited Again for $7.54M in Repeat Attack - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-11-million-tornado-cash-2026/","name":"Flagged Live: Attacker Flips $11.5M in Stolen Verus Assets to ETH Following Tornado Cash Setup - Bitcoin.com News","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025","event":"Verus Ethereum Bridge TVL at approximately $100M peak.","source":"Cryptopolitan","source_url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-suffers-11-5m-hack-as-bridge-related-exploits-hit-329m-in-2026/","date_original":"2025-01-01"},{"date":"2026-05-18","event":"First exploit at approximately 11:55 p.m. UTC. Attacker exploits submitImports / checkCCEValues validation gap. $11.58M drained including 103.6 tBTC, 1,625 ETH, and 147,000 USDC. Blockaid and PeckShield detect in real time.","source":"CoinDesk / The Block","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/05/18/yet-another-crypto-bridge-falls-victim-to-an-usd11-million-hack"},{"date":"2026-05-22","event":"May attacker returns 4,052.4 ETH (~$8.5M, 75% of stolen funds) under bounty agreement. Attacker retains 1,350 ETH (~$2.8M). Verus team halts investigation per agreed terms.","source":"CryptoTimes / The Block","source_url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/05/22/verus-hacker-returns-8-5m-after-bridge-exploit-deal/"},{"date":"2026-07-08","event":"Verus team redeposits recovered funds back into the bridge contract. No publicly announced patch or independent audit completion precedes redeposition. Bridge reopens with known unpatched vulnerability.","source":"CoinDesk / Cryptopolitan","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart"},{"date":"2026-07-23","event":"Second exploit at approximately 03:45 UTC. Attacker drains $7.54M using same submitImports / checkCCEValues vulnerability. Assets include ETH, tBTC, USDC, USDT, EURC, MKR, scrvUSD. Approximately 3,916 ETH consolidated; portions routed through Tornado Cash. VerusCoin issues no public statement at publication.","source":"CryptoTimes / The Block / CoinDesk","source_url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/07/23/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploited-again-for-7-54m-in-repeat-attack/"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/05/18/yet-another-crypto-bridge-falls-victim-to-an-usd11-million-hack","name":"Yet another crypto bridge falls victim to an $11 million hack - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260526034614/https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2026/05/18/yet-another-crypto-bridge-falls-victim-to-an-usd11-million-hack","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-26T03:46:14+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart","name":"Bitcoin, Ethereum-linked protocols lose $35 million in multiple attacks hours apart - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724020324/https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2026/07/23/bitcoin-ethereum-linked-protocols-lose-usd35-million-in-multiple-attacks-hours-apart","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T02:03:24+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/401571/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploit","name":"Ongoing exploit drains $11.6 million from Verus-Ethereum bridge: Blockaid - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260626111046/https://www.theblock.co/post/401571/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploit","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-26T11:10:46+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/402319/verus-bridge-exploiter-returns-4052-eth","name":"Verus bridge exploiter returns 4,052 ETH, retains $2.8 million bounty - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":1,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/409489/new-verus-ethereum-bridge-attack","name":"New Verus-Ethereum bridge attack drains $7.5 million through flaw used in May: Blockaid - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":1,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/hack-track-the-11-58m-verus-bridge-hack","name":"Hack Track: The $11.58M Verus Bridge Hack - Merkle Science","type":"research","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725132317/https://www.merklescience.com/blog/hack-track-the-11-58m-verus-bridge-hack","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T13:23:17+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-may-2026","name":"Explained: The Verus-Ethereum Bridge Hack (May 2026) - Halborn","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260605221745/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-may-2026","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-05T22:17:45+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/07/23/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploited-again-for-7-54m-in-repeat-attack/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge Exploited Again for $7.54M in Repeat Attack - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724060554/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/07/23/verus-ethereum-bridge-exploited-again-for-7-54m-in-repeat-attack/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T06:05:54+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/05/22/verus-hacker-returns-8-5m-after-bridge-exploit-deal/","name":"Verus Hacker Returns $8.5M After Bridge Exploit Deal - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725235912/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/05/22/verus-hacker-returns-8-5m-after-bridge-exploit-deal/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T23:59:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-suffers-11-5m-hack-as-bridge-related-exploits-hit-329m-in-2026/","name":"Verus suffers $11.5M hack as bridge-related exploits hit $329M in 2026 - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260726071312/https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-suffers-11-5m-hack-as-bridge-related-exploits-hit-329m-in-2026/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T07:13:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-bridge-second-exploit-flaw-unfixed/","name":"Verus bridge hit by second exploit, flaw remains unfixed - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725132132/https://www.cryptopolitan.com/verus-bridge-second-exploit-flaw-unfixed/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T13:21:32+00:00"},{"url":"https://crypto.news/verus-ethereum-bridge-hacked-again-for-7-54m-after-may-exploit/","name":"Verus Ethereum Bridge hacked again for $7.54M after May exploit - crypto.news","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725125418/https://crypto.news/verus-ethereum-bridge-hacked-again-for-7-54m-after-may-exploit/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T12:54:18+00:00"},{"url":"https://ambcrypto.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hit-by-second-hack-as-7-54m-vanishes/","name":"Verus-Ethereum Bridge Hit by Second Hack as $7.54M Vanishes - AMBCrypto","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724065638/https://ambcrypto.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hit-by-second-hack-as-7-54m-vanishes/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T06:56:38+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptopotato.com/hacker-steals-over-11m-from-verus-ethereum-bridge/","name":"Hacker Steals Over $11M From Verus-Ethereum Bridge - CryptoPotato","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260521093525/https://cryptopotato.com/hacker-steals-over-11m-from-verus-ethereum-bridge/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-21T09:35:25+00:00"},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-11-million-tornado-cash-2026/","name":"Flagged Live: Attacker Flips $11.5M in Stolen Verus Assets to ETH Following Tornado Cash Setup - Bitcoin.com News","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260519111348/https://news.bitcoin.com/verus-ethereum-bridge-hack-11-million-tornado-cash-2026/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-19T11:13:48+00:00"},{"url":"https://en.coin-turk.com/stolen-4052-eth-returned-after-11-3m-verus-bridge-hack/","name":"Stolen 4,052 ETH returned after $11.3M Verus bridge hack - Coin Turk","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260726183725/https://en.coin-turk.com/stolen-4052-eth-returned-after-11-3m-verus-bridge-hack/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T18:37:25+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptoskeptic.org/guides/verus-bridge-exploit","name":"The $11.5M Logic Vacation: Autopsy of the Verus Bridge Exploit - CryptoSkeptic","type":"research","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725192255/https://cryptoskeptic.org/guides/verus-bridge-exploit","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T19:22:55+00:00"},{"url":"https://medium.com/@michaeltoutonghi/what-inspired-the-creation-of-verus-coin-and-how-long-has-it-been-in-development-12731aaa9be4","name":"What inspired the creation of Verus Coin - Michael Toutonghi on Medium","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260726034424/https://medium.com/@michaeltoutonghi/what-inspired-the-creation-of-verus-coin-and-how-long-has-it-been-in-development-12731aaa9be4","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T03:44:24+00:00"}],"source_tags":[],"addresses":[],"reviewed":false,"reviewed_by":null,"model_used":"claude-sonnet-4-6","created_at":"2026-05-22T05:20:05.617757+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-26T22:16:22.038581+00:00"}}