{"investigation":{"slug":"vauld","entity_name":"Vauld","trust_score":41,"severity_base":41,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.87,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Vauld was a Singapore-headquartered crypto lending and exchange platform founded in 2018 by Darshan Bathija and Sanju Kurian, backed by Coinbase Ventures, Valar Ventures (Peter Thiel), and Pantera Capital. On July 4, 2022, Vauld suspended all withdrawals, deposits, and trading after disclosing a $70 million asset deficit, freezing approximately $330 million in customer funds belonging to roughly 150,000 retail creditors. Following the collapse of an attempted acquisition by Nexo, Vauld's Singapore parent entity DeFi Payments Pte Ltd successfully completed a court-sanctioned Scheme of Arrangement in August 2023 projecting recoveries of up to 93% on unsecured creditor claims.","sections":[{"content":"Vauld was founded in 2018 by Darshan Bathija and Sanju Kurian, initially operating under the name 'The Bank of HODLers' before rebranding to Vauld in 2020. The company was incorporated in Singapore as DeFi Payments Pte Ltd and operated a crypto-native lending and exchange platform primarily targeting retail users in India and Southeast Asia, offering fixed-yield crypto deposits, asset-backed loans, and spot trading. In July 2021, Vauld raised $25 million in a Series A funding round led by Valar Ventures (associated with Peter Thiel), with participation from Pantera Capital, Coinbase Ventures, CMT Digital, Gumi Cryptos, Robert Leshner, and Cadenza Capital, bringing total disclosed fundraising to approximately $27 million. Bathija, a BITS Pilani graduate with a background in real estate lending at Piramal Capital, and Kurian were both named to the Forbes Asia 30 Under 30 list in 2022, just weeks before the platform's collapse.","heading":"Background and Corporate Structure","sources":[{"url":"https://www.bitcoininsider.org/article/121655/india-based-vauld-raises-25-million-series-led-valar-pantera-and-coinbase","name":"India-based Vauld raises $25 million Series A led by Valar, Pantera and Coinbase","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://inc42.com/buzz/crypto-platform-vauld-raises-25-mn-funding-led-by-valar-ventures/","name":"Crypto Platform Vauld Raises $25 Mn Funding Led By Valar Ventures","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/vauld-a-leading-crypto-trading-amp-lending-platform-s-founders-feature-in-forbes-asia-30-under-30-list-854170180.html","name":"Vauld founders feature in Forbes Asia 30 Under 30","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On July 4, 2022, Vauld suspended all withdrawals, deposits, and trading with immediate effect, citing 'financial challenges' amid the broader crypto market downturn. In a letter to creditors dated approximately July 11, 2022, CEO Darshan Bathija disclosed that at the group level Vauld held assets worth approximately $330 million against liabilities of approximately $400 million, a net deficit of roughly $70 million. The platform disclosed that customers had withdrawn approximately $198 million between June 12 and the suspension date, accelerating a liquidity crisis precipitated by mark-to-market losses on Bitcoin, Ether, and Polygon positions, exposure to the collapsed TerraUSD algorithmic stablecoin, and a significant portion of assets committed to term loans with maturities of three to eleven months that could not be recalled early. Vauld's parent entity DeFi Payments Pte Ltd filed for a moratorium in Singapore on July 8, 2022 pursuant to section 64 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018, and was required by the Singapore High Court to form a creditors committee. Total creditor obligations were subsequently reported to exceed $400 million, with approximately $363 million owed to roughly 147,000 retail depositors.","heading":"Platform Suspension and Disclosed Shortfall","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lending-platform-vauld-suspends-withdrawals-trading-and-deposits-amid-financial-challenges/","name":"Crypto lender Vauld suspends withdrawals, trading, deposits — TechCrunch","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/156901/vauld-letter-creditors-shortfall-70-million","name":"Vauld issues letter to its creditors, disclosing $70 million shortfall — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/158647/crypto-lender-vauld-owes-363-million-to-retail-investors-after-halting-withdrawals","name":"Crypto lender Vauld owes $363 million to retail investors after halting withdrawals — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/vauld-discloses-70-million-asset-deficit-seeks-repayment-moratorium/","name":"Vauld Discloses $70 Million Asset Deficit and Seeks Repayment Moratorium — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lender-vauld-halts-withdrawals-as-market-crash-takes-its-toll-.html","name":"Another crypto lender Vauld pauses withdrawals as market crash takes its toll — CNBC","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/105633/embattled-crypto-lender-vauld-owes-over-400-million-to-creditors-report","name":"Embattled Crypto Lender Vauld Owes Over $400 Million to Creditors — Decrypt","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"Multiple compounding factors contributed to Vauld's insolvency. The collapse of the TerraUSD (UST) algorithmic stablecoin in May 2022 triggered a market-wide liquidity crisis and directly eroded Vauld's asset valuations. Three Arrows Capital (3AC), a Singapore-based crypto hedge fund and major borrower in Vauld's lending book, subsequently defaulted and filed for bankruptcy in July 2022 following catastrophic losses on its Luna positions. Vauld also disclosed in a creditor affidavit that it held approximately $130 million in loan receivables from an unnamed 'Counterparty 1,' later identified by The Block as Amber Group; these funds were allegedly parked by CEO Bathija in his personal name with Amber, raising governance concerns. After FTX's November 2022 collapse, Vauld disclosed having approximately $10 million in assets frozen on the FTX exchange, adding a further recovery uncertainty. India's April 2022 imposition of a 30% tax on crypto gains had already materially reduced domestic trading volumes and fee income, weakening Vauld's operating cash flow prior to the liquidity crisis.","heading":"Contributing Factors: Terra/Luna, Three Arrows Capital, FTX, and Amber Group","sources":[{"url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","name":"Behind The Fall Of Coinbase-Backed Crypto Lending Platform Vauld — Inc42","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/193616/amber-group-vauld-ceo-counterparty1-a-130-million","name":"Amber Group owes troubled crypto lender Vauld's CEO $130 million — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/188021/troubled-crypto-lender-vauld-has-10-million-stuck-on-ftx-source","name":"Troubled crypto lender Vauld has $10 million stuck on FTX — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.zdvisor.com/post/vauld-collapse-anatomy-of-india-s-largest-cefi-lending-failure-case-study","name":"Vauld Collapse: Anatomy of India's Largest CeFi Lending Failure — ZD Visor","type":"research","credibility":3}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"On July 5, 2022, the day after Vauld suspended operations, London-based crypto lender Nexo signed a term sheet granting a 60-day exclusive exploratory period to conduct due diligence on a potential acquisition of Vauld. Negotiations extended well beyond the initial term, with multiple revisions and public exchanges between the two parties spanning approximately six months. Vauld ultimately rejected Nexo's final acquisition proposal in late 2022, citing multiple grounds: Nexo had allegedly failed to provide adequate transparency for a solvency assessment of its own business, Nexo had announced its withdrawal from the United States market while a significant share of Vauld's customer base was American, the proposed structure did not include a Reverse Dutch Auction (RDA) mechanism that Vauld said was essential to offering creditors an early exit option, and significant outstanding loan receivables from Amber Group and assets frozen on FTX created unresolved uncertainties. Nexo also formally terminated discussions on its side, with The Block reporting that Nexo terminated the deal in January 2023. Following the deal's collapse, the Singapore High Court extended Vauld's creditor protection period to allow the company to pursue an independent restructuring.","heading":"Nexo Acquisition Attempt and Failure","sources":[{"url":"https://coingeek.com/vauld-nixes-potential-acquisition-by-industry-rival-nexo/","name":"Vauld nixes potential acquisition by industry rival Nexo — CoinGeek","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/197894/nexo-vauld-deal-terminated","name":"Nexo terminates potential deal with troubled crypto lender Vauld — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/troubled-crypto-lender-vauld-calls-off-acquisition-by-nexo/","name":"Troubled Crypto Lender Vauld Calls Off Acquisition by Nexo — Finance Magnates","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/vauld-creditor-protection-extended-singapore-court-nexo-deal-falls-through/","name":"Vauld Creditor Protection Extended by Singapore Court After Nexo Deal Falls Through — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://support.vauld.com/en/articles/6538422-updates-on-nexo-acquisition-as-of-6-sep-22","name":"Updates On Nexo Acquisition As of 6-Sep-22 — Vauld Help Center","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"In August 2022, India's Enforcement Directorate (ED) froze assets of approximately Rs. 370 crore (roughly $46 million) belonging to Vauld's Indian operating entity, Yellow Tune Technologies Pvt Ltd and its associated Flipvolt crypto exchange, which was linked to Vauld. The ED action arose from a broader money laundering investigation into Indian non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) and fintech partners alleged to have engaged in predatory lending practices in violation of Reserve Bank of India guidelines. The agency alleged that Vauld client accounts had been used in connection with the laundering of proceeds from these lending operations. Vauld described the asset freeze as 'unfortunate,' and the action materially complicated the company's ability to recover Indian-domiciled assets for distribution to creditors. The ED's action followed a similar asset freeze imposed on WazirX, another Indian crypto exchange, during the same period.","heading":"India Enforcement Directorate Asset Freeze","sources":[{"url":"https://www.newslocker.com/en-us/news/gadgets/enforcement-directorate-freezes-crypto-platform-vaulds-assets-worth-nearly-rs-370-crore-details/","name":"Enforcement Directorate Freezes Crypto Platform Vauld's Assets Worth Nearly Rs. 370 Crore — NewsLocker/Gadgets","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://varindia.com/news/ed-froze-rs-370-crore-assets-of-vauld","name":"ED froze Rs 370 crore assets of Vauld — Varindia","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.siasat.com/ed-freeze-on-rs-370-cr-bank-assets-unfortunate-crypto-firm-vauld-2389661/","name":"ED freeze on Rs 370 cr bank assets 'unfortunate': Crypto firm Vauld — Siasat Daily","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Following the collapse of the Nexo deal, Vauld pursued a court-supervised restructuring under Singapore law. The Singapore High Court granted DeFi Payments Pte Ltd multiple successive moratorium extensions throughout 2022 and 2023, with the company seeking at least five extensions of creditor protection. Kroll was appointed as restructuring advisor in June 2022, with the engagement led by Jason Kardachi and George Gwee from Kroll's Singapore office. Vauld proposed a Scheme of Arrangement under section 210 of Singapore's Companies Act, which was sanctioned by the Singapore High Court on August 10, 2023, and became effective August 16, 2023. The scheme received more than 90% support from voting creditors, making it one of the first successful court-sanctioned restructuring schemes for a cryptocurrency business globally. Under the scheme, approximately 150,000 global retail creditors holding roughly $325 million in unsecured claims were projected to receive recoveries of up to 93%, with a first distribution of 36% scheduled by October 2023 and all distributions to be made in cryptocurrency. The scheme remained active for 36 months from its effective date, with subsequent distributions contingent on recovery of illiquid assets.","heading":"Singapore Court Proceedings and Scheme of Arrangement","sources":[{"url":"https://www.kroll.com/en/about-us/news/kroll-facilitates-successful-approval-of-scheme-of-arrangement-for-vauld","name":"Kroll facilitates successful approval of Scheme of Arrangement for Vauld — Kroll","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://support.vauld.com/en/articles/8262950-corporate-announcement-scheme-effective-date-16-aug-2023","name":"Scheme Effective Date 16 Aug 2023 — Vauld Help Center","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2023/02/27/crypto-lender-vauld-gets-further-extension-for-restructuring-plan","name":"Crypto Lender Vauld Gets Further Extension for Restructuring Plan — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-17/ailing-singapore-crypto-firm-vauld-gets-more-time-to-restructure","name":"Singapore Extends the Period of Creditor Protection for Crypto's Vauld — Bloomberg","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/222930/vauld-creditor-protection-extension-fifth","name":"Vauld gets yet another creditor protection extension until April 28 — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Several governance and risk management issues emerged during the insolvency proceedings. The most significant was the disclosure that CEO Darshan Bathija had allegedly placed approximately $130 million of Vauld's customer funds in loans held in his personal name with Amber Group, rather than at the corporate level, a practice that created opacity in the platform's balance sheet and complicated recovery efforts. Prior to the suspension, Bathija had publicly assured Vauld customers on June 16, 2022 that the platform had no exposure to Celsius or Three Arrows Capital; this statement was later contradicted by the creditor affidavit, which described significant loan receivables from a counterparty subsequently identified as Amber Group, a Three Arrows-adjacent entity. Vauld also committed a significant proportion of customer assets to illiquid term loans ranging from three to eleven months in duration that could not be recalled early, which amplified the platform's inability to meet withdrawal demand. No criminal charges or regulatory enforcement actions against Vauld's officers had been publicly reported as of the time of the scheme approval in August 2023, but the India Enforcement Directorate's investigation into the use of Vauld accounts in money laundering schemes remained an outstanding concern.","heading":"Governance and Risk Management Concerns","sources":[{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/193616/amber-group-vauld-ceo-counterparty1-a-130-million","name":"Amber Group owes troubled crypto lender Vauld's CEO $130 million — The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","name":"Behind The Fall Of Coinbase-Backed Crypto Lending Platform Vauld — Inc42","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/07/04/lending-platform-vauld-looks-to-restructure-amid-crypto-downturn-suspends-transactions","name":"Lending Platform Vauld Looks to Restructure Amid Crypto Downturn — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2018","event":"Darshan Bathija and Sanju Kurian found 'The Bank of HODLers' in Singapore, later renamed Vauld.","source":"Inc42 / StartupTalky","source_url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","date_original":"2018-01-01"},{"date":"2020","event":"Bank of HODLers rebrands to Vauld.","source":"Pine and Hicks / CryptoMarketGraph","source_url":"https://pineandhicks.com/2021/11/16/vauld-evaluation-retail-crypto-banking-and-investing-platform-from-india/","date_original":"2020-01-01"},{"date":"2021-07","event":"Vauld raises $25 million Series A led by Valar Ventures, with participation from Pantera Capital and Coinbase Ventures.","source":"Bitcoin Insider / Inc42","source_url":"https://www.bitcoininsider.org/article/121655/india-based-vauld-raises-25-million-series-led-valar-pantera-and-coinbase","date_original":"2021-07-01"},{"date":"2022-04","event":"India introduces a 30% tax on crypto gains, materially reducing Vauld's domestic trading volumes and fee income.","source":"Inc42 feature","source_url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","date_original":"2022-04-01"},{"date":"2022-05-09","event":"TerraUSD (UST) algorithmic stablecoin collapses, triggering a market-wide liquidity crisis and losses across Vauld's portfolio.","source":"ZD Visor case study","source_url":"https://www.zdvisor.com/post/vauld-collapse-anatomy-of-india-s-largest-cefi-lending-failure-case-study"},{"date":"2022-06-12","event":"Customer withdrawal acceleration begins; Vauld will see approximately $198 million withdrawn before suspension.","source":"TechCrunch","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lending-platform-vauld-suspends-withdrawals-trading-and-deposits-amid-financial-challenges/"},{"date":"2022-06-16","event":"CEO Darshan Bathija publicly assures customers Vauld has no exposure to Celsius or Three Arrows Capital; the claim is later contradicted by court affidavits.","source":"Inc42 feature","source_url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/"},{"date":"2022-07-04","event":"Vauld suspends all withdrawals, deposits, and trading with immediate effect.","source":"TechCrunch / CNBC / CoinDesk","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lending-platform-vauld-suspends-withdrawals-trading-and-deposits-amid-financial-challenges/"},{"date":"2022-07-05","event":"Nexo signs a term sheet with Vauld granting a 60-day exclusive due diligence period for a potential acquisition.","source":"BeInCrypto / The Block","source_url":"https://beincrypto.com/vauld-discloses-70-million-asset-deficit-seeks-repayment-moratorium/"},{"date":"2022-07-08","event":"DeFi Payments Pte Ltd (Vauld's Singapore parent) files for a moratorium under Section 64 of Singapore's Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018.","source":"BeInCrypto","source_url":"https://beincrypto.com/vauld-discloses-70-million-asset-deficit-seeks-repayment-moratorium/"},{"date":"2022-07-11","event":"Vauld issues a letter to creditors disclosing a $70 million asset deficit: $330 million in assets against $400 million in liabilities.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/156901/vauld-letter-creditors-shortfall-70-million"},{"date":"2022-08","event":"India's Enforcement Directorate freezes approximately Rs. 370 crore (~$46 million) in assets linked to Vauld's Indian operating entity in connection with a money laundering investigation.","source":"NewsLocker / Varindia / Siasat","source_url":"https://varindia.com/news/ed-froze-rs-370-crore-assets-of-vauld","date_original":"2022-08-01"},{"date":"2022-11","event":"Vauld discloses approximately $10 million in assets frozen on the collapsed FTX exchange.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/188021/troubled-crypto-lender-vauld-has-10-million-stuck-on-ftx-source","date_original":"2022-11-01"},{"date":"2022-11","event":"The Block reports Amber Group (identified as 'Counterparty 1') owes approximately $130 million to Vauld's CEO Bathija, who had placed Vauld funds in his personal name.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/193616/amber-group-vauld-ceo-counterparty1-a-130-million","date_original":"2022-11-01"},{"date":"2022-12","event":"Vauld rejects Nexo's final acquisition proposal, citing lack of due diligence transparency, Nexo's US exit, and absence of an early-exit RDA mechanism for creditors.","source":"Finance Magnates / CoinGeek","source_url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/troubled-crypto-lender-vauld-calls-off-acquisition-by-nexo/","date_original":"2022-12-01"},{"date":"2023","event":"Nexo formally terminates the Vauld acquisition deal, ending approximately six months of negotiations.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/197894/nexo-vauld-deal-terminated","date_original":"2023-01-01"},{"date":"2023-01-17","event":"Singapore High Court grants Vauld an extended creditor protection period following the Nexo deal collapse.","source":"Bloomberg","source_url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-17/ailing-singapore-crypto-firm-vauld-gets-more-time-to-restructure"},{"date":"2023-08-10","event":"Singapore High Court sanctions Vauld's Scheme of Arrangement under Section 210 of the Companies Act, receiving more than 90% creditor support.","source":"Kroll","source_url":"https://www.kroll.com/en/about-us/news/kroll-facilitates-successful-approval-of-scheme-of-arrangement-for-vauld"},{"date":"2023-08-16","event":"Vauld's Scheme of Arrangement becomes effective. First distributions of 36% of unsecured claims scheduled for October 2023.","source":"Vauld Help Center","source_url":"https://support.vauld.com/en/articles/8262950-corporate-announcement-scheme-effective-date-16-aug-2023"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lending-platform-vauld-suspends-withdrawals-trading-and-deposits-amid-financial-challenges/","name":"Crypto lender Vauld suspends withdrawals, trading, deposits — TechCrunch","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260131140906/https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lending-platform-vauld-suspends-withdrawals-trading-and-deposits-amid-financial-challenges/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-31T14:09:06+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/156901/vauld-letter-creditors-shortfall-70-million","name":"Vauld issues letter to creditors, disclosing $70 million shortfall — The 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BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725042704/https://beincrypto.com/vauld-discloses-70-million-asset-deficit-seeks-repayment-moratorium/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T04:27:04+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lender-vauld-halts-withdrawals-as-market-crash-takes-its-toll-.html","name":"Another crypto lender Vauld pauses withdrawals — CNBC","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251228164440/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/04/crypto-lender-vauld-halts-withdrawals-as-market-crash-takes-its-toll-.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2025-12-28T16:44:40+00:00"},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/105633/embattled-crypto-lender-vauld-owes-over-400-million-to-creditors-report","name":"Embattled Crypto Lender Vauld Owes Over $400 Million to Creditors — Decrypt","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260512091931/https://decrypt.co/105633/embattled-crypto-lender-vauld-owes-over-400-million-to-creditors-report","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-12T09:19:31+00:00"},{"url":"https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","name":"Behind The Fall Of Coinbase-Backed Crypto Lending Platform Vauld — Inc42","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725130101/https://inc42.com/features/behind-the-fall-of-coinbase-backed-crypto-lending-platform-vauld/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T13:01:01+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/193616/amber-group-vauld-ceo-counterparty1-a-130-million","name":"Amber Group owes Vauld's CEO $130 million — The 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