{"investigation":{"slug":"saga","entity_name":"Saga","trust_score":54,"severity_base":55,"score_modifier":-1.4,"confidence":0.78,"status":"under_investigation","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Saga is a Cosmos-based Layer 1 protocol that lets developers deploy dedicated application chains called Chainlets, with a gaming focus; its SAGA token launched on April 9, 2024 and has since fallen roughly 99% from its peak. On January 21, 2026, its SagaEVM chainlet lost about $7 million when an attacker exploited an inherited Ethermint ICS20 precompile vulnerability to mint unbacked Saga Dollar stablecoin, most of it reportedly laundered via Tornado Cash. The Saga mainnet and validators were reported unaffected, and no user compensation plan had been announced.","sections":[{"content":"Saga (ticker SAGA) is a Cosmos-based Layer 1 protocol that lets developers spin up dedicated application-specific blockchains called Chainlets, described as parallelized, VM-agnostic and interoperable, with a focus on gaming. The mainnet and SAGA token launched on April 9, 2024, with 1 billion SAGA created at genesis, following a record $13.4 billion staked on Binance. Saga reported about 350 projects building on the protocol as of 2024, roughly 80% gaming, 10% NFTs and entertainment and 10% DeFi. Co-founders are Rebecca Liao (CEO; previously co-founded Skuchain, a trade blockchain platform that reached over $5 billion in annual volume, and served as a policy advisor on the Biden 2020 and Clinton 2016 campaigns), Jin Kwon (CSO, former Tendermint VP and Chief of Staff), Jacob McDorman (CTO) and Bogdan Alexandrescu (VP of Engineering). The company raised a $6.5 million seed round in May 2022 at a $130 million valuation and a later $5 million seed extension led by Placeholder, reportedly over $13.5 million in total from investors including Maven 11, Hypersphere, Samsung Next and Polygon Studios. The SagaEVM chainlet was a later addition providing EVM compatibility for DeFi protocols, including the Colt protocol, which issued the Saga Dollar ($D) stablecoin backed by cross-chain collateral via IBC.","heading":"Protocol overview and team","sources":[{"url":"https://www.saga.xyz/","name":"saga.xyz","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-saga/3850","name":"gate.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://investingnews.com/saga-raises-6-5-million-seed-round-to-build-the-next-1000-chains-in-the-multiverse-announces-innovator-program/","name":"investingnews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://gam3s.gg/news/saga-5m-seed-extension/","name":"gam3s.gg","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/resources/what-is-saga-gaming-network-airdrop-token-launch","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/people/rebecca-liao/","name":"Rebecca Liao - Co-founder & CEO at Saga.xyz | CryptoSlate","type":"other","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On January 21, 2026, an attacker exploited SagaEVM's IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) precompile to mint about $7 million of Saga Dollar ($D) stablecoin without collateral. The attacker deployed a helper contract (0x7D69E4376535cf8c1E367418919209f70358581E) that crafted fake IBC messages mimicking legitimate collateral deposits, which the precompile accepted as authentic, triggering unauthorized minting through the Colt protocol, and the attacker's primary wallet was identified as 0x2044697623afa31459642708c83f04ecef8c6ecb. Stolen assets included USDC, yUSD, ETH and tBTC. The attacker exchanged the unbacked stablecoins for real collateral assets, used LayerZero to bridge to Ethereum mainnet and swapped across KyberSwap, 1inch and CoW Swap, netting over 2,000 ETH (about $6 million), and also created about $800,000 in Uniswap v4 LP positions. Saga paused SagaEVM at block height 6,593,800; the chain remained offline pending a full post-mortem. Saga confirmed that the Saga SSC mainnet, consensus, validators and other chainlets were not affected and that there was no consensus failure, validator compromise or signer key leakage. One source (CoinAlertNews) lists the loss at $6.8 million.","heading":"January 2026 SagaEVM exploit","sources":[{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-sagaevm-hack-january-2026","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/saga-evm-chain-paused-after-7m-contract-exploit-2026/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/sagaxyz/sagaevm-security-incident-investigation-update-29a1d2a6b0cd","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/saga-layer-1-crisis-tvl-083432907.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://invezz.com/news/2026/01/22/saga-pauses-sagaevm-after-7m-exploit-drains-bridged-assets/","name":"invezz.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/386638/sagaevm-suffers-exploit","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://protos.com/saga-becomes-latest-victim-in-defi-hacking-spree/","name":"protos.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://github.com/cosmos/evm/security/advisories/GHSA-54gx-3cgr-7mfm","name":"ASA-2026-002 Security Advisory - cosmos/evm GitHub","type":"official","credibility":1},{"url":"https://rekt.news/saga-rekt","name":"Saga - Rekt News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://onekey.so/blog/ecosystem/saga-evm-hacked-for-7-million-what-happened-and-why-defi-security-matters-20260122143101/","name":"Saga EVM Hacked for $7 Million: What Happened and Why DeFi Security Matters - OneKey Blog","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://coincentral.com/saga-halts-evm-chain-after-hack-drains-7m-in-usdc-eth-and-tbtc/","name":"Saga Halts EVM Chain After Hack Drains $7M in USDC, ETH and tBTC - CoinCentral","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://coinalertnews.com/news/2026/01/22/saga-evm-hack-network-halted","name":"Saga EVM Suffers $6.8M Hack, Network Halted After Unauthorized Stablecoin Minting - CoinAlertNews","type":"news_article","credibility":3}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"Per Halborn's post-mortem, the attack exploited a vulnerability in Ethermint EVM precompile code that SagaEVM incorporated through a forked implementation. The Cosmos EVM security advisory (ASA-2026-002) located the flaw in the ICS20 Precompile, affecting all versions before v0.6.0 and rated Critical: state updates performed during recursive calls were not correctly reflected in the outer execution context, so token balances could be reused within a single transaction. The vulnerability was not authored by Saga but was inherited from upstream code, and Saga deployed the affected module without identifying or patching it before mainnet operation. Halborn highlighted that supply-chain vulnerabilities in forked code are a recurring risk, and that use of IBC messaging as an attack surface is consistent with a wider pattern of Cosmos-ecosystem exploits. Cosmos Labs coordinated with 15 identified affected chains to distribute the patched v0.6.0 before public disclosure in March 2026; it was described as the second known major security event tied to Ethermint-derived code after a separate vulnerability covered in an Evmos post-mortem. The abuse of IBC precompiles with crafted messages to bypass collateral validation is considered novel.","heading":"Technical root cause: inherited Ethermint vulnerability","sources":[{"url":"https://github.com/cosmos/evm/security/advisories/GHSA-54gx-3cgr-7mfm","name":"ASA-2026-002 Security Advisory - cosmos/evm GitHub","type":"official","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.mexc.com/news/892096","name":"Cosmos discloses SagaEVM exploit as patch ships - MEXC News","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://onekey.so/blog/ecosystem/saga-evm-hacked-for-7-million-what-happened-and-why-defi-security-matters-20260122143101/","name":"Saga EVM Hacked for $7 Million: What Happened and Why DeFi Security Matters - OneKey Blog","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-sagaevm-hack-january-2026","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.kanalcoin.com/saga-pauses-evm-chain-after-7m-exploit-what-it-means-for-cosmos-and-cross-chain-security/","name":"Saga Pauses EVM Chain After $7M Exploit: What It Means for Cosmos and Cross-Chain Security","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/evmos/post-mortem-ethermint-security-vulnerability-and-evmos-swift-response-13817fca8462","name":"Post Mortem: Ethermint Security Vulnerability and Evmos' Swift Response","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://protos.com/saga-becomes-latest-victim-in-defi-hacking-spree/","name":"protos.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://en.cryptonomist.ch/2026/01/22/sagaevm-exploit-halts-sagaevm-chain/","name":"en.cryptonomist.ch","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"On Ethereum the attacker swapped the proceeds across several decentralized exchanges. On January 24, 2026 the attacker transferred Uniswap v4 LP NFTs to a secondary wallet (0xf891de97fa96839329381743f0d6180fcefe3f64). According to CertiK, $6.2 million of the stolen funds were deposited into Tornado Cash using five separate wallets; about $847,000 in LP positions remained traceable at the time of reporting. Another account states generally that about $7 million of user funds were permanently moved to Tornado Cash before recovery efforts could succeed. Saga said it was coordinating with exchanges and bridge operators to blacklist the attacker's addresses, though most funds had already moved. No public full fund recovery has been reported.","heading":"Fund flows and laundering","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/saga-exploit-land-on-tornado-cash/","name":"$6.2M stolen from Saga exploit land on Tornado Cash - Cryptopolitan","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/saga-hack-62-million-laundered-through-tornado-cash-55712","name":"Saga Hack: $6.2M Laundered via Tornado Cash - Phemex News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.kucoin.com/news/flash/saga-attackers-move-6-2m-to-tornado-cash-after-hacking-incident","name":"Saga Attackers Move $6.2M to Tornado Cash - KuCoin","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://rekt.news/saga-rekt","name":"Saga - Rekt News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-sagaevm-hack-january-2026","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://protos.com/saga-becomes-latest-victim-in-defi-hacking-spree/","name":"protos.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"The Saga Dollar depegged by about 25%, from $1.00 to about $0.75. Reports differ on the TVL decline (see below). The SAGA token fell to about $0.053 around the announcement. Roughly $12 million of Saga Dollar stablecoins allegedly remained in the attacker's wallet on the Saga network side at initial reporting, a possible further claim on protocol collateral. The protocol was still recovering as of early 2026.","heading":"Market impact","sources":[{"url":"https://onekey.so/blog/ecosystem/saga-evm-hacked-for-7-million-what-happened-and-why-defi-security-matters-20260122143101/","name":"Saga EVM Hacked for $7 Million: What Happened and Why DeFi Security Matters - OneKey Blog","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://coincentral.com/saga-halts-evm-chain-after-hack-drains-7m-in-usdc-eth-and-tbtc/","name":"Saga Halts EVM Chain After Hack Drains $7M in USDC, ETH and tBTC - CoinCentral","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://crypto.news/saga-evm-chain-paused-after-7m-contract-exploit-2026/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/saga-layer-1-crisis-tvl-083432907.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-sagaevm-hack-january-2026","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Saga halted SagaEVM at block 6,593,800 on January 21, 2026, published an initial statement confirming the exploit, and committed to a full post-mortem once findings were validated. Cosmos Labs was notified, coordinated the patch (cosmos/evm v0.6.0) with the 15 affected chains, all of which upgraded or applied short-term mitigations before public disclosure in March 2026. Saga confirmed it implemented a security patch aligned with the ICS-20 patch in the remediation period between March and April 2026. No formal compensation or recovery plan for affected users, and no regulatory action or law enforcement referral, has been publicly disclosed. The speed of response and monitoring adequacy are questioned given funds reached Tornado Cash before recovery.","heading":"Team response and remediation","sources":[{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/386638/sagaevm-suffers-exploit","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://github.com/cosmos/evm/security/advisories/GHSA-54gx-3cgr-7mfm","name":"ASA-2026-002 Security Advisory - cosmos/evm GitHub","type":"official","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.mexc.com/news/892096","name":"Cosmos discloses SagaEVM exploit as patch ships - MEXC News","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-sagaevm-hack-january-2026","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/saga-evm-chain-paused-after-7m-contract-exploit-2026/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://en.cryptonomist.ch/2026/01/22/sagaevm-exploit-halts-sagaevm-chain/","name":"en.cryptonomist.ch","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"SAGA launched on April 9, 2024 via Binance Launchpool and reached an all-time high of about $7.53 to $7.86 on launch day, with record Launchpool participation (over $13.4 billion staked on Binance within 24 hours, the largest in its history at the time). It then declined sharply: an all-time low of about $0.053 around October 2025, roughly 99% below the peak, and CoinMarketCap data showed a decline of about 84.94% from the start of 2025. By May 2026 market capitalisation was about $8.5 million with circulating supply about 392 million. On May 12, 2026, SAGA rose 171% in 24 hours with $582 million in trading volume against a $19.5 million market cap, a disproportionate volume that has drawn attention. The pattern is consistent with hype-driven price discovery followed by sustained selling, including from token unlocks.","heading":"Token price collapse and market performance","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/saga/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/saga","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.ro/en/news/saga-saga-becomes-the-largest-launchpool-in-binance-history-in-24h/","name":"crypto.ro","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coincodex.com/crypto/saga-token/","name":"coincodex.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"SAGA launched with a genesis supply of 1 billion tokens and an infinite supply model targeting about 7% annual staking inflation. Launch allocation: Ecosystem Development 30%, Core Contributors 20%, Investors 20%, Airdrops 15.5%, Foundation Reserve 10%, Binance Launchpool 4.5%. Core Contributor and Investor allocations (40% of genesis supply) have a 1-year cliff from the TGE followed by 2 years of linear vesting; the full unlock schedule runs 7 years under base allocations. Analysts note the lack of transparency on private round prices, making sell pressure from early investors hard to gauge, and the combination of 40% insider/investor holdings and perpetual inflation creates long-term dilution. The Launchpool allocation contributed to immediate sell pressure typical of farm-and-dump behaviour.","heading":"Tokenomics and vesting","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/saga-foundation/sagas-high-level-tokenomics-8da4e22c28d8","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/price/saga-xyz/vesting","name":"cryptorank.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.tokenomist.ai/saga-2","name":"tokenomist.ai","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://dropstab.com/coins/saga-2/vesting","name":"dropstab.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://icodrops.com/saga/","name":"icodrops.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Saga ran a Community Genesis Airdrop at mainnet launch in April 2024 to over 200,000 wallets across ecosystems including Avalanche, Solana and Celestia stakers, NFT holders and gaming participants, leaving over 30 million tokens unclaimed, followed by the ongoing 'Power Level Over 9000' airdrop series with over 100 partner projects. U.S. residents were excluded. Security researchers documented fake SAGA airdrop phishing sites designed to steal crypto; these are not attributable to the Saga team. The wide distribution contributed to sell pressure after launch.","heading":"Airdrop program and phishing","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/sagaxyz/saga-community-genesis-airdrop-e0f94c1f2220","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/resources/what-is-saga-gaming-network-airdrop-token-launch","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/223578/saga-airdrop-ending-who-can-still-claim-avalanche-solana","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/29631-saga-airdrop-scam","name":"pcrisk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://bitpinas.com/learn-how-to-guides/saga-airdrop-eligibility/","name":"bitpinas.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Although Saga reported 350 projects in development, on-chain activity and DeFiLlama TVL data indicate a relatively thin ecosystem, further hit by the January 2026 exploit. DappRadar reported blockchain gaming activity fell 17% quarter-over-quarter in Q2 2025 to its lowest since early 2023, with over 300 gaming dapps going inactive, a headwind for Saga's gaming focus. Solana Mobile ending security patches for its Saga smartphone is an unrelated product that adds brand confusion.","heading":"Ecosystem and adoption concerns","sources":[{"url":"https://defillama.com/chain/saga","name":"defillama.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://dappradar.com/blog/state-of-blockchain-gaming-in-q2-2025","name":"dappradar.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/solana-mobile-ended-saga-security-patches-exposing-owners-to-a-critical-wallet-risk-you-cant-ignore/","name":"cryptoslate.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.gate.com/crypto-wiki/article/is-saga-saga-a-good-investment-analyzing-the-potential-and-risks-of-this-emerging-blockchain-platform-20251119","name":"gate.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"low"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2022-05","event":"Saga raises $6.5 million seed round at a $130 million valuation from investors including Maven 11, Hypersphere, Samsung Next, and Polygon Studios.","source":""},{"date":"2023","event":"Saga raises a $5 million seed extension round led by Placeholder, bringing total funding to over $13.5 million.","source":""},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Saga listed on Binance Launchpool as project #51; over $13.4 billion staked in under 24 hours, the largest Launchpool in Binance history.","source":""},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Saga mainnet and SAGA token launch; token reaches all-time high of about $7.53 then declines. Community Genesis Airdrop distributed to over 200,000 wallets.","source":"decrypt.co","source_url":"https://decrypt.co/resources/what-is-saga-gaming-network-airdrop-token-launch"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Saga reveals 'Power Level Over 9000' ongoing airdrop program distributing $10 million in tokens across partnerships with over 100 projects.","source":""},{"date":"2025-10","event":"SAGA token reaches all-time low of about $0.053, roughly 99% below the April 2024 high.","source":""},{"date":"2026-01","event":"Attacker deploys helper contract and exploits SagaEVM's IBC precompile (inherited Ethermint ICS20 flaw), minting about $7M of unbacked Saga Dollar, converting to ETH and bridging to Ethereum.","source":"Saga - Rekt News","source_url":"https://rekt.news/saga-rekt"},{"date":"2026-01","event":"Saga halts SagaEVM at block 6,593,800, states SSC mainnet and validators unaffected and coordinates blacklisting of attacker addresses.","source":"theblock.co","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/386638/sagaevm-suffers-exploit"},{"date":"2026-01","event":"Cosmos Labs notified of the vulnerability and begins coordinating a cosmos/evm patch with affected chains before public disclosure.","source":"ASA-2026-002 Security Advisory - cosmos/evm GitHub","source_url":"https://github.com/cosmos/evm/security/advisories/GHSA-54gx-3cgr-7mfm"},{"date":"2026-01","event":"Saga Dollar depegs to about $0.75; protocol TVL falls sharply; SAGA falls to about $0.053; Saga identifies exploiter wallet and coordinates blacklisting with exchanges.","source":""},{"date":"2026-01","event":"Attacker transfers Uniswap v4 LP NFTs to a secondary wallet (0xf891de97fa96839329381743f0d6180fcefe3f64).","source":"Saga - Rekt News","source_url":"https://rekt.news/saga-rekt"},{"date":"2026-01","event":"CertiK reports $6.2 million of stolen funds deposited into Tornado Cash across five separate wallets.","source":"$6.2M stolen from Saga exploit land on Tornado Cash - Cryptopolitan","source_url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/saga-exploit-land-on-tornado-cash/"},{"date":"2026-03","event":"Cosmos Labs issues public advisory ASA-2026-002 disclosing the ICS20 Precompile vulnerability (fixed in cosmos/evm v0.6.0); all 15 affected chains reported patched or mitigated before disclosure.","source":"ASA-2026-002 Security Advisory - cosmos/evm GitHub","source_url":"https://github.com/cosmos/evm/security/advisories/GHSA-54gx-3cgr-7mfm"},{"date":"2026-03","event":"Saga begins implementing the ICS-20 security patch as part of SagaEVM remediation (remediation period March to April 2026).","source":""},{"date":"2026-05","event":"SAGA experiences an anomalous 171% price surge in 24 hours with $582 million trading volume against about $19.5 million market cap.","source":""}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://www.saga.xyz/","name":"saga.xyz","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260625140706/https://www.saga.xyz/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-25T14:07:06+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-saga/3850","name":"gate.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829090018/https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-saga/3850","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T09:00:18+00:00"},{"url":"https://investingnews.com/saga-raises-6-5-million-seed-round-to-build-the-next-1000-chains-in-the-multiverse-announces-innovator-program/","name":"investingnews.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260422044722/https://investingnews.com/saga-raises-6-5-million-seed-round-to-build-the-next-1000-chains-in-the-multiverse-announces-innovator-program/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-22T04:47:22+00:00"},{"url":"https://gam3s.gg/news/saga-5m-seed-extension/","name":"gam3s.gg","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251118222102/https://gam3s.gg/news/saga-5m-seed-extension/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-18T22:21:02+00:00"},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/resources/what-is-saga-gaming-network-airdrop-token-launch","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260729045246/https://decrypt.co/resources/what-is-saga-gaming-network-airdrop-token-launch","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-29T04:52:46+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/people/rebecca-liao/","name":"Rebecca Liao - Co-founder & CEO at Saga.xyz | 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