{"investigation":{"slug":"renzo-protocol","entity_name":"Renzo Protocol","trust_score":26,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":-2,"confidence":0.72,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Renzo Protocol is an EigenLayer liquid restaking protocol that issues ezETH, a liquid restaking token representing restaked ETH. In April 2024 ezETH depegged sharply on Uniswap, falling to about $688–$700 from roughly $3,100, after a REZ tokenomics announcement that gave only 5% of supply to the community airdrop and over 60% to insiders; with direct redemption unavailable, the sell-off triggered $56–65 million in liquidations of leveraged users on Morpho and Gearbox. A concurrent Code4rena audit found 8 high-severity vulnerabilities, users were targeted by phishing including a July 2024 Discord compromise, and the protocol remains operational with sharply lower TVL and a REZ token about 97% below its all-time high.","sections":[{"content":"Renzo Protocol is an Ethereum liquid restaking protocol built on EigenLayer. It issues ezETH, a liquid restaking token (LRT) representing ETH restaked with EigenLayer operators, and serves as an interface to the EigenLayer ecosystem. It was launched in 2023 by Lucas Kozinski (previously CSO/COO at TokenSoft and founder of Moonwell), James Poole (ex-CTO at TokenSoft) and Kratik Lodha (research and product lead). At its peak Renzo managed over $3 billion in total value locked. Renzo raised a $3.2 million seed round in January 2024 led by Maven11 Capital, with token warrants, and began rewarding users with points for minting ezETH; it raised a $17 million Series A in June 2024 led by Galaxy Ventures and Brevan Howard Digital's Nova Fund, for about $20.2 million in total. It also received investment from Binance Labs, and its REZ governance token launched through Binance Launchpool on April 30, 2024. Renzo also issues a Solana restaking token, ezSOL (address listed below).","heading":"Overview and Background","sources":[{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/renzo-protocol","name":"Renzo Protocol - IQ.wiki","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/lucas-kozinski","name":"Lucas Kozinski - IQ.wiki","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://x.com/ProtagonistXYZ/status/1747325376144052493","name":"Renzo Protocol Founders - Protagonist X post","type":"social_media","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coincarp.com/fundraising/renzo-seed/","name":"Renzo seed round - CoinCarp","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/300647/ethereum-restaking-protocol-renzo-raises-17-million","name":"Ethereum restaking protocol Renzo raises $17 million - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On April 24, 2024 ezETH lost its peg on Uniswap, falling from about $3,100 (near ETH parity) by roughly 79 percent in under an hour before partially recovering. Reports differ on the low: $688 according to CoinTelegraph, and about $700 according to DL News. CoinMarketCap's aggregated price fell less sharply, to about $2,642. The sell-off followed Renzo's REZ tokenomics announcement on April 23, 2024, which allocated only 5 percent of REZ supply to the Season 1 community airdrop, with 2.5 percent going to Binance Launchpool participants who had staked for only seven days; community members who had deposited for four months received no proportional priority. Because Renzo's withdrawal restrictions prevented direct redemption of ezETH for the underlying ETH, users exiting had to sell ezETH on open markets, and thin liquidity amplified the price impact. According to DL News, the Renzo team made no public statement addressing user frustration or the price collapse during the depeg.","heading":"The April 2024 ezETH Depeg","sources":[{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/renzos-ezeth-loses-ether-peg-drops-79-in-under-one-hour/","name":"Renzo's ezETH falls as low as $700, leading to $56m in liquidations - DL News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/renzo-ezeth-depegs-688-airdrop","name":"Renzo's ezETH depegs to $688 following end of airdrop farming window - CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/24/renzo-restaked-eth-suffers-a-brief-crash-on-uniswap","name":"Renzo Restaked ETH Suffers a Brief Crash on Uniswap - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://protos.com/depeg-of-3b-restaking-token-ezeth-causes-over-60m-in-defi-liquidations/","name":"Depeg of $3B restaking token ezETH causes over $60M in DeFi liquidations - Protos","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"The depeg triggered cascading liquidations, with total losses reported at between $56 million and $65 million across more than 250 users. The main victims were \"loopers\" who, encouraged by Renzo's integrations with Morpho and Gearbox, had repeatedly deposited ezETH, borrowed ETH against it and restaked to acquire more ezETH in pursuit of restaking points and an expected airdrop. On Gearbox Protocol, 115 Credit Accounts were liquidated and about 10,650 ezETH (approximately $33 million) was sold into the Balancer pool; Gearbox's reserve fund covered 25.77 ETH of protocol losses. On Morpho, 146 users were liquidated for approximately $23 million in assets, with $34,000 in protocol-level losses. One trader lost about $90,000 on a $900,000 position. During the depeg, on-chain trader czsamsunsb.eth bought 4,221 ezETH for 4,099 ETH and earned about 121.65 ETH when the price recovered. The incident showed that decentralized-exchange liquidity for liquid restaking tokens may be too thin to absorb large sell-offs without severe price impact.","heading":"Liquidation Cascade and User Losses","sources":[{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/renzos-ezeth-loses-ether-peg-drops-79-in-under-one-hour/","name":"Renzo's ezETH falls as low as $700, leading to $56m in liquidations - DL News","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://protos.com/depeg-of-3b-restaking-token-ezeth-causes-over-60m-in-defi-liquidations/","name":"Depeg of $3B restaking token ezETH causes over $60M in DeFi liquidations - Protos","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/renzos-ezeth-token-depeg-triggers-liquidations-across-defi-platforms/","name":"Renzo's ezETH token depeg triggers liquidations across DeFi platforms - CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://ambcrypto.com/renzo-protocol-rethinks-strategy-after-60m-in-liquidations/","name":"Renzo Protocol rethinks strategy after $60M in liquidations - AMBCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":3}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"The REZ tokenomics announcement allocated about 31.56 percent of supply to investors, 20 percent to core contributors and 12.44 percent to the foundation, which outlets described as over 60 percent (or about 65 percent) going to insiders, against 32 percent for the community across all seasons. The announcement's pie chart was described by multiple outlets as not drawn to scale, and community members alleged it was an attempt to misrepresent the true distribution. The Binance Launchpool structure drew criticism: Launchpool participants, who staked BNB or FDUSD from April 24 to 29, could sell REZ when it listed on April 30, while Renzo's own Season 1 depositors were originally due to claim on May 2. This timing advantage for Binance users over Renzo's depositors was widely characterized as preferential treatment. After the backlash, Renzo raised the Season 1 airdrop from 5 to 7 percent of supply and the overall community allocation from 30 to 32 percent, moved the airdrop claim date to April 30 (reported as one hour before the Binance listing), added vesting for large holders (addresses with 500,000 or more points received 50 percent at launch, with the rest unlocking linearly over three months) and set a minimum threshold of 360 points. A governance proposal to unlock investor tokens was later published on the Renzo governance forum.","heading":"Tokenomics Controversy and Alleged Misleading Disclosure","sources":[{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290709/renzos-ezeth-depegs-18-3-following-rez-tokenomics-announcement-on-binance","name":"Renzo's ezETH depegs 18.3% following REZ tokenomics announcement - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290802/renzo-increases-airdrop-allocation-slightly-after-community-outrage-and-temporary-ezeth-depeg","name":"Renzo increases airdrop allocation slightly after community outrage - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://crypto.news/renzo-team-changes-airdrop-conditions-amid-community-criticism/","name":"Renzo team changes airdrop conditions amid community criticism - crypto.news","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/renzo-ezeth-depeg-airdrop-rez/","name":"Renzo's ezETH Loses Peg Amid Controversial Airdrop - BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290413/binance-token-distribution-plan-renzo-governance-token-ez-list-april-30","name":"Binance token distribution plan for Renzo governance token REZ, listing April 30 - The Block","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://gov.renzoprotocol.com/t/proposal-to-unlock-investor-tokens/272","name":"Proposal to Unlock Investor Tokens - Renzo Governance Forum","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"REZ began trading on Binance on April 30, 2024 and debuted at a market capitalization of about $289 million. The token declined about 81.55 percent across 2024 and about 84 percent further in 2025, and trades roughly 97 percent below its all-time high.","heading":"REZ Token Performance","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/30/liquid-restaking-protocol-renzo-airdrops-rez-token-debuts-at-289m-market-cap","name":"Liquid restaking protocol Renzo airdrops REZ token, debuts at $289M market cap - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://coincodex.com/crypto/renzo-protocol/","name":"Renzo Protocol (REZ) price data - CoinCodex","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"A Code4rena competitive audit held from April 30 to May 8, 2024, with a $112,500 USDC prize pool, identified 22 unique vulnerabilities: 8 high severity and 14 medium severity. High-severity findings (H-01 to H-08) included permanent locking of ETH withdrawals for contract-wallet recipients because the deprecated transfer() method forwards only 2,300 gas; an incorrect TVL calculation (including incorrect calculation of queued withdrawals) that artificially deflated TVL and inflated the ezETH mint rate; a reentrancy guard on OperatorDelegator.receive() that permanently blocked legitimate ETH redemptions from EigenLayer; zero-fee, zero-slippage deposits and withdrawals enabling MEV and front-running; stETH rebasing handling that could cause insolvency during negative rebases; cross-chain xezETH minting that did not keep 1:1 parity with L1 ezETH; access-control restrictions preventing completion of the ERC-20 withdrawal buffer; and an off-by-one TVL index error. A gas inefficiency in calculateTVL could also make the protocol unusable, exceeding the block gas limit with a modest number of operators and tokens. A June 2024 mitigation review covered the fixes for the high and medium issues and identified two additional high-severity issues introduced during remediation. Because the audit ran concurrently with or after the depeg, some of these vulnerabilities were present in production code at the time of the incident. Renzo runs a bug bounty on Immunefi. As an EigenLayer wrapper, Renzo also inherits risks of the underlying restaking system, including AVS slashing conditions and EigenLayer smart-contract risk.","heading":"Security Audit: Code4rena Findings","sources":[{"url":"https://code4rena.com/reports/2024-04-renzo","name":"Renzo Findings & Analysis Report - Code4rena","type":"other","credibility":1},{"url":"https://code4rena.com/audits/2024-06-renzo-mitigation-review","name":"Renzo Mitigation Review Audit - Code4rena","type":"other","credibility":1},{"url":"https://immunefi.com/bug-bounty/renzoprotocol/","name":"Renzo Protocol Bug Bounty - Immunefi","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Phishing campaigns targeted Renzo users around the airdrop. Scam Sniffer identified operations in which victims lost over $500,000 through malicious permit signatures on fake Renzo airdrop-claim pages. On July 22, 2024 Renzo's official Discord server was compromised by scammers who posted phishing links promising retroactive loyalty rewards for REZ and ozETH holders; the Renzo team acknowledged the breach and warned users via X to treat messages from server admins as potentially dangerous and not to click links. ZachXBT flagged the phishing link to the community on Telegram. The extent of losses from the Discord incident was not confirmed at the time. Further fake websites impersonated Renzo's REZ and ezEIGEN allocation pages, using wallet drainers triggered by a \"Check Eligibility\" button. These were third-party attacks rather than protocol failures, but they harmed users in the Renzo ecosystem.","heading":"Phishing, Discord Compromise and Impersonation Scams","sources":[{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/renzos-ezeth-token-depeg-triggers-liquidations-across-defi-platforms/","name":"Renzo's ezETH token depeg triggers liquidations across DeFi platforms - CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2024/07/22/renzo-discord-hacked-by-scammers-promising-rewards/","name":"Renzo Discord Hacked by Scammers Promising Rewards - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2024/07/22/renzo-discord-hacked-by-scammers-promoting-fake-tokens/","name":"Renzo Discord hacked by scammers promoting fake tokens - CryptoTimes","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/31231-renzo-ezeigen-allocation-scam","name":"Renzo ezEIGEN Allocation Scam - PCRisk","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Renzo remains operational. TVL has fallen substantially from its peak of over $3 billion; DefiLlama tracked approximately $217 million in more recent data, behind competing liquid restaking protocols such as ether.fi and Kelp DAO. Renzo runs a REZ buyback-and-burn programme funded by protocol revenue; the first burn, on November 5, 2025, destroyed over 114 million tokens, with monthly burns to follow. In 2025 Renzo launched compliant institutional vaults and expanded to BNB Chain and Polygon. In April 2026 founder Lucas Kozinski set out a \"Yield Orchestration Layer\" strategy for institutional capital.","heading":"Current Protocol Status (2025–2026)","sources":[{"url":"https://defillama.com/protocol/renzo","name":"Renzo TVL - DeFiLlama","type":"on_chain","credibility":2},{"url":"https://gov.renzoprotocol.com/t/rez-buyback-burn-program/251","name":"REZ Buyback & Burn Program - Renzo Governance Forum","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/renzo/latest-updates/","name":"Renzo latest updates - CoinMarketCap AI","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"low"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2023-01","event":"Renzo Protocol founded by Lucas Kozinski, James Poole and Kratik Lodha as an EigenLayer liquid restaking protocol.","source":"IQ.wiki / Protagonist X","source_url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/renzo-protocol"},{"date":"2024-01","event":"Renzo raises a $3.2 million seed round led by Maven11 Capital with token warrants and begins rewarding users with points for minting ezETH.","source":"CoinCarp","source_url":"https://www.coincarp.com/fundraising/renzo-seed/"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Renzo publishes REZ tokenomics: 5% to the Season 1 airdrop (2.5% to Binance Launchpool) and over 60% (reported as about 65%) to team, investors and advisors, illustrated with a pie chart described as not to scale. Community backlash begins.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290709/renzos-ezeth-depegs-18-3-following-rez-tokenomics-announcement-on-binance"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"ezETH depegs on Uniswap, falling from about $3,100 to a low of $688–$700 (about 79%) in under an hour; the Renzo team makes no public statement at the time.","source":"DL News / CoinDesk / CoinTelegraph","source_url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/renzos-ezeth-loses-ether-peg-drops-79-in-under-one-hour/"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Liquidation cascade: Gearbox liquidates 115 Credit Accounts (about 10,650 ezETH, ~$33 million) and Morpho liquidates 146 users (~$23 million); losses exceed $56 million across 250+ users.","source":"DL News / Protos / CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://protos.com/depeg-of-3b-restaking-token-ezeth-causes-over-60m-in-defi-liquidations/"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Renzo revises airdrop terms after backlash: Season 1 airdrop raised from 5% to 7%, community allocation from 30% to 32%, vesting added for large holders, claim date moved to April 30.","source":"The Block / crypto.news","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290802/renzo-increases-airdrop-allocation-slightly-after-community-outrage-and-temporary-ezeth-depeg"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"REZ launches on Binance; Launchpool participants who staked BNB or FDUSD from April 24–29 can sell before Renzo's own Season 1 depositors claim. REZ debuts at about $289 million market capitalization.","source":"The Block / CoinDesk","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290413/binance-token-distribution-plan-renzo-governance-token-ez-list-april-30"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Code4rena competitive audit of Renzo begins (runs to May 8, 2024).","source":"Code4rena","source_url":"https://code4rena.com/reports/2024-04-renzo"},{"date":"2024-05","event":"Code4rena audit concludes, reporting 8 high-severity and 14 medium-severity vulnerabilities.","source":"Code4rena","source_url":"https://code4rena.com/reports/2024-04-renzo"},{"date":"2024-06","event":"Renzo raises a $17 million Series A led by Galaxy Ventures and Brevan Howard Digital Nova Fund.","source":"The Block","source_url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/300647/ethereum-restaking-protocol-renzo-raises-17-million"},{"date":"2024-07","event":"Renzo's official Discord server is compromised; scammers post phishing links promising retroactive loyalty rewards, and ZachXBT alerts the community on Telegram.","source":"CryptoTimes","source_url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2024/07/22/renzo-discord-hacked-by-scammers-promising-rewards/"},{"date":"2025","event":"REZ declines about 81.55% across 2024 and about 84% in 2025, trading roughly 97% below its all-time high.","source":"CoinCodex","source_url":"https://coincodex.com/crypto/renzo-protocol/"},{"date":"2025-11","event":"Renzo executes its first REZ buyback-and-burn, destroying over 114 million tokens; monthly burns confirmed as an ongoing programme.","source":"Renzo Governance Forum","source_url":"https://gov.renzoprotocol.com/t/rez-buyback-burn-program/251"},{"date":"2026-04","event":"Founder Lucas Kozinski publishes a 'Yield Orchestration Layer' vision for institutional capital; protocol TVL is about $217 million, down from a $3B+ peak.","source":"CoinMarketCap AI / CryptoJournaal X","source_url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/renzo/latest-updates/"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/renzo-protocol","name":"Renzo Protocol - IQ.wiki","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004001401/https://iq.wiki/wiki/renzo-protocol","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:14:01+00:00"},{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/lucas-kozinski","name":"Lucas Kozinski - IQ.wiki","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004001649/https://iq.wiki/wiki/lucas-kozinski","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:16:49+00:00"},{"url":"https://x.com/ProtagonistXYZ/status/1747325376144052493","name":"Renzo Protocol Founders - Protagonist X post","type":"social_media","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.coincarp.com/fundraising/renzo-seed/","name":"Renzo seed round - CoinCarp","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004052859/https://www.coincarp.com/fundraising/renzo-seed/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T05:28:59+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/300647/ethereum-restaking-protocol-renzo-raises-17-million","name":"Ethereum restaking protocol Renzo raises $17 million - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/renzos-ezeth-loses-ether-peg-drops-79-in-under-one-hour/","name":"Renzo's ezETH falls as low as $700, leading to $56m in liquidations - DL News","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004001247/https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/renzos-ezeth-loses-ether-peg-drops-79-in-under-one-hour/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:12:47+00:00"},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/renzo-ezeth-depegs-688-airdrop","name":"Renzo's ezETH depegs to $688 following end of airdrop farming window - CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261021203437/https://cointelegraph.com/news/renzo-ezeth-depegs-688-airdrop","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-21T20:34:37+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/24/renzo-restaked-eth-suffers-a-brief-crash-on-uniswap","name":"Renzo Restaked ETH Suffers a Brief Crash on Uniswap - CoinDesk","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004000505/https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2024/04/24/renzo-restaked-eth-suffers-a-brief-crash-on-uniswap","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:05:05+00:00"},{"url":"https://protos.com/depeg-of-3b-restaking-token-ezeth-causes-over-60m-in-defi-liquidations/","name":"Depeg of $3B restaking token ezETH causes over $60M in DeFi liquidations - Protos","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004000314/https://protos.com/depeg-of-3b-restaking-token-ezeth-causes-over-60m-in-defi-liquidations/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:03:14+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/renzos-ezeth-token-depeg-triggers-liquidations-across-defi-platforms/","name":"Renzo's ezETH token depeg triggers liquidations across DeFi platforms - CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004000812/https://cryptoslate.com/renzos-ezeth-token-depeg-triggers-liquidations-across-defi-platforms/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:08:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://ambcrypto.com/renzo-protocol-rethinks-strategy-after-60m-in-liquidations/","name":"Renzo Protocol rethinks strategy after $60M in liquidations - AMBCrypto","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20261004001533/https://ambcrypto.com/renzo-protocol-rethinks-strategy-after-60m-in-liquidations/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-10-04T00:15:33+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290709/renzos-ezeth-depegs-18-3-following-rez-tokenomics-announcement-on-binance","name":"Renzo's ezETH depegs 18.3% following REZ tokenomics announcement - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251117040554/https://www.theblock.co/post/290709/renzos-ezeth-depegs-18-3-following-rez-tokenomics-announcement-on-binance","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-17T04:05:54+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/290802/renzo-increases-airdrop-allocation-slightly-after-community-outrage-and-temporary-ezeth-depeg","name":"Renzo increases airdrop allocation slightly after community outrage - The Block","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://crypto.news/renzo-team-changes-airdrop-conditions-amid-community-criticism/","name":"Renzo team changes airdrop conditions amid community criticism - 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