{"investigation":{"slug":"rari-capital","entity_name":"Rari Capital","trust_score":8,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.92,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Rari Capital was a DeFi yield-aggregation and lending protocol launched in July 2020 by teenage co-founders Jai Bhavnani, Jack Lipstone, and David Lucid. It suffered two major security exploits — a $11 million hack in May 2021 and an $80 million reentrancy hack in April 2022 — and subsequently merged with Fei Protocol to form Tribe DAO before winding down in 2022. In September 2024, the SEC secured final court judgments against the company and all three co-founders for misleading investors and operating as unregistered brokers.","sections":[{"content":"Rari Capital was founded in late May 2020 and launched in July 2020 by Jai Bhavnani (then 18), Jack Lipstone (then 19), and David Lucid. Prior to Rari Capital, Bhavnani and Lipstone had developed a cryptocurrency mobile wallet called Ambo, which was acquired by MyCrypto. The platform offered two primary products: Earn pools, which aggregated yield across DeFi protocols, and Fuse pools, a permissionless lending market built as a fork of Compound Finance. At its peak, the protocol collectively held over $1 billion in total value locked (TVL). The project initially attracted significant attention as an example of teenage entrepreneurship in DeFi, receiving coverage in student press at USC and UW-Madison.","heading":"Overview and Background","sources":[{"url":"https://dailytrojan.com/2021/03/02/iya-freshman-co-creates-cryptocurrency-investment-company/","name":"dailytrojan.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-138","name":"sec.gov","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On May 8, 2021, Rari Capital's Ethereum Pool was exploited for approximately $11 million, representing roughly 60% of all user funds in the pool at the time. The attack exploited a vulnerability in Rari Capital's integration with Alpha Finance's ibETH token. Rari's pool was linked to Alpha Finance and deposited ETH into Alpha Finance's ibETH token for yield generation. The attacker used the ibETH.work() function to artificially inflate the value of ibETH.totalETH(), then called Rari Capital's withdrawal function, extracting more ETH than they had deposited due to the inflated valuation. Rari Capital's developers were reportedly unaware that the ibETH ratio could be manipulated and that the work() function permitted unrestricted external contract invocations. The attacker left a base64-encoded on-chain message reading 'rari=REKT alpha=ok # saved rari 6m', suggesting the Alpha Finance team intervened to prevent an additional $6 million in losses. In response, Rari Capital proposed setting aside 2 million RGT (Rari Governance Tokens) to compensate affected users. As part of the subsequent merger agreement with Fei Protocol in late 2021, Fei agreed to assume Rari's liabilities stemming from this exploit.","heading":"May 2021 Hack — $11 Million ETH Pool Exploit","sources":[{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/rari-capital-falls-victim-to-11-million-exploit","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-rari-capital-hack-may-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://quadrigainitiative.com/casestudy/raricapitalhack.php","name":"quadrigainitiative.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On April 30, 2022, Rari Capital's Fuse lending pools were exploited via a reentrancy vulnerability, resulting in losses of approximately $80 million across seven Fuse pools (pools 8, 18, 27, 127, 144, 146, and 156). The attacker's address is recorded as 0x6162759edad730152f0df8115c698a42e666157f on Ethereum. The root cause was an incompletely patched reentrancy guard: while Rari Capital had released a Security Upgrade Report on April 1, 2022 noting fixes to reentrancy issues, the exitMarket() function was left unprotected. When the exploiter's contract received ETH during a borrow operation (which pre-dated borrow record updates), the attacker could re-enter via exitMarket() despite the global reentrancy lock being active, withdrawing all collateral before the borrow was recorded. This pattern — a variant of the known Compound v2 reentrancy bug — had been flagged and exploited against other Compound forks previously. Security researchers including samczsun had identified a related vulnerability on March 3, 2022, which was patched at the time; however, the April 2022 attack vector through exitMarket() remained. Fei Protocol responded by pausing all borrowing globally and offered the attacker a $10 million bounty with no questions asked if the funds were returned. The attacker did not respond to the bounty and funds began to be laundered through Tornado Cash. The $80 million figure represented the largest single loss in Rari Capital's history and effectively precipitated the wind-down of Tribe DAO.","heading":"April 2022 Fuse Pool Reentrancy Hack — $80 Million","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/04/30/defi-lender-rari-capitalfei-loses-80m-in-hack","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/linked/144511/hackers-steal-80-million-from-rari-capitals-lending-pools","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://immunebytes.com/blog/rari-capital-re-entrancy-attack-april-2022-detailed-analysis/","name":"immunebytes.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://dedaub.com/blog/rari-capital-vulnerability/","name":"dedaub.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/6LiXVtPQ8q5AQfqOUPnTOS-revisiting-fei-protocol-incident","name":"certik.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/rari-fuze-hacker-offered-10m-bounty-by-fei-protocol-to-return-80m-loot","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"In December 2021, Rari Capital merged with Fei Protocol to form Tribe DAO in what was described as one of the largest DAO mergers in DeFi history. Token holders on both sides voted overwhelmingly in favor: Rari's RGT holders approved the deal 93% to 1%, and Fei's TRIBE holders approved 90% to 0%. The deal terms set a token swap rate of 10 RGT = 267 TRIBE, with the combined entity commanding approximately $2 billion in TVL at launch. As part of the merger, Fei Protocol agreed to assume Rari's liabilities from the May 2021 hack. Tribe DAO subsumed Rari Capital, Midas Capital, Fei Protocol, and Volt Protocol under the TRIBE governance token. The merger proved short-lived: the April 2022 $80 million hack, combined with broader DeFi market deterioration, accelerated dissolution proceedings within months of the merger closing.","heading":"Merger with Fei Protocol and Formation of Tribe DAO","sources":[{"url":"https://blockworks.co/news/a-match-made-in-defi-rari-capital-and-fei-protocol-merge-to-feirari","name":"blockworks.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/defi/rari-capital-fei-merger","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fei-protocol-merges-rari-capital-082614844.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the April 2022 hack, Tribe DAO's handling of victim repayment became a significant governance controversy. In May 2022, a snapshot vote passed with approximately 75% support for the DAO to cover hack losses from its treasury. However, Fei Labs subsequently declared snapshot votes to be non-binding, and when binding repayment proposals were submitted on-chain, they were vetoed. This triggered a string of four separate repayment votes over several months. Key team members departed, and industry figures publicly criticized the handling: Frax Finance founder Sam Kazemian called it 'a new low for DeFi.' Fei Labs proposed winding down Tribe DAO and offered a partial repayment capped at $500,000 to $1 million per address — a figure that would have left larger victims such as Frax Finance (with approximately $12.5 million in exposure) recovering less than 10% of losses. In August 2022, Fei Labs formally proposed a full wind-down. By September 2022, following a fourth vote in which 99% of participants voted in favor, Tribe DAO confirmed it would fully reimburse hack victims as part of the dissolution process. The episode was widely cited as a case study in DAO governance failures.","heading":"Tribe DAO Governance Controversy and Victim Repayment Dispute","sources":[{"url":"https://protos.com/tribe-kills-dao-overrules-vote-to-pay-crypto-debt/","name":"protos.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/tribe-dao-votes-in-favor-of-repaying-victims-of-80m-rari-hack","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/110102/tribe-dao-votes-repay-rari-capital-hack-victims-again","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptopotato.com/tribedao-holds-vote-to-repay-rari-capital-hack-victims-for-the-fourth-time/","name":"cryptopotato.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On September 18, 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Rari Capital, Inc. and its three co-founders — Jai Bhavnani, Jack Lipstone, and David Lucid — for misleading investors and operating as unregistered brokers. The case centered on Rari Capital's operation of its Earn and Fuse pool platforms, which collectively held over $1 billion in crypto assets at their peak. The SEC alleged that Rari falsely represented to investors that its Earn pools automatically rebalanced holdings into the highest yield-generating opportunities, when the process was in fact manual and inconsistently executed. The agency also alleged that Rari misleadingly touted high annual percentage yields while failing to disclose fees that significantly eroded returns, causing many investors to lose money. Additional charges included offering unregistered securities through the Earn and Fuse pools and the Rari Governance Token (RGT), and operating as an unregistered broker via the Fuse platform. On September 19, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California entered final judgments. The court ordered total monetary remedies of approximately $63,567 against Bhavnani, $43,200 against Lipstone, and $45,209 against Lucid, along with five-year equitable officer-and-director bars against all three co-founders. Rari Capital Infrastructure LLC (the successor entity) was subject to cease-and-desist orders. None of the defendants admitted or denied the SEC's allegations, consistent with standard settlement terms.","heading":"SEC Enforcement Action and Final Judgments (2024)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-138","name":"sec.gov","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/enforcement-litigation/litigation-releases/lr-26148","name":"sec.gov","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2024/09/18/defi-lending-platform-rari-capital-settles-sec-charges","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://charltonsquantum.com/sec-settles-charges-with-rari-capital-and-founders-over-misleading-investors-and-unregistered-broker-activity/","name":"charltonsquantum.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/sec-charges-rari-capital/","name":"cryptopolitan.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Rari Capital's security track record was marked by recurring failures. The May 2021 hack exposed incomplete due diligence in third-party integrations — specifically, the team's lack of awareness that the Alpha Finance ibETH value ratio could be externally manipulated. Following the 2021 exploit, Rari Capital did not conduct sufficient remediation to prevent the 2022 attack. By April 1, 2022, Rari released a Security Upgrade Report claiming it had addressed reentrancy vulnerabilities across Fuse pools, but the implementation left the exitMarket() function unguarded. Security researchers at Dedaub noted that old cToken and comptroller contract versions predating late-2021 security upgrades were still in use across pools 0 through 32 (excluding Pool 6, the only pool whose administrator had upgraded). The fact that Pool 6 alone escaped the April 2022 hack because its individual administrator had chosen to upgrade illustrates a systemic governance failure: critical security updates were optional rather than mandatory across the protocol's permissionless pool architecture. The Fuse protocol was a fork of Compound Finance, whose codebase contains widely documented reentrancy risks when handling ETH. Despite this known risk surface, Rari's security upgrade was incomplete.","heading":"Security Practices and Audit Failures","sources":[{"url":"https://dedaub.com/blog/rari-capital-vulnerability/","name":"dedaub.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://immunebytes.com/blog/rari-capital-re-entrancy-attack-april-2022-detailed-analysis/","name":"immunebytes.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://blog.solidityscan.com/rari-capital-re-entrancy-vulnerability-analysis-25df2bbfc803","name":"blog.solidityscan.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the April 2022 hack and the subsequent dissolution vote, Tribe DAO proceeded to wind down. As part of this wind-down, the official Rari Capital frontend applications (rari.capital and app.rari.capital) were announced for shutdown on February 29, 2024, along with the closure of the REPT-B redemption window. The shutdown announcement was made via Rari Capital's official X (formerly Twitter) account. The wind-down effectively ended Rari Capital as an operational protocol after approximately three and a half years of operation.","heading":"Platform Shutdown","sources":[{"url":"https://x.com/RariCapital/status/1744838112373887049","name":"x.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://protos.com/tribe-kills-dao-overrules-vote-to-pay-crypto-debt/","name":"protos.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2020-07","event":"Rari Capital launches its Earn yield-aggregation pools, founded by Jai Bhavnani, Jack Lipstone, and David Lucid","source":"","date_original":"2020-07-01"},{"date":"2021-05-08","event":"First major exploit: $11 million stolen from Rari Capital's Ethereum Pool via manipulation of Alpha Finance's ibETH integration, representing approximately 60% of user deposits","source":""},{"date":"2021-09","event":"Rari governance approves minting 10 million additional RGT tokens for DAO treasury","source":"","date_original":"2021-09-01"},{"date":"2021-12","event":"Rari Capital merges with Fei Protocol to form Tribe DAO; RGT tokens convert to TRIBE at a rate of 10 RGT = 267 TRIBE; combined TVL approximately $2 billion","source":"","date_original":"2021-12-01"},{"date":"2022-03-03","event":"Security researchers (samczsun, hritzdorf, YSmaragdakis) identify a reentrancy vulnerability in Fuse pools; borrowing paused for 16 hours; funds preserved","source":""},{"date":"2022-04","event":"Rari Capital releases Security Upgrade Report claiming reentrancy vulnerabilities have been patched; exitMarket() function remains unprotected","source":"","date_original":"2022-04-01"},{"date":"2022-04-30","event":"Second major exploit: approximately $80 million stolen from Fuse pools 8, 18, 27, 127, 144, 146, and 156 via reentrancy attack through unprotected exitMarket() function; Fei Protocol offers $10 million bounty for return of funds","source":""},{"date":"2022-05","event":"Tribe DAO snapshot vote passes 75% in favor of covering hack losses; Fei Labs later declares snapshot votes non-binding","source":"","date_original":"2022-05-01"},{"date":"2022-05","event":"Stolen funds begin flowing through Tornado Cash; attacker does not respond to $10 million bounty","source":"","date_original":"2022-05-01"},{"date":"2022-08-19","event":"Fei Labs proposes full wind-down of Tribe DAO; partial repayment cap of $500k-$1M per address proposed, drawing industry criticism","source":""},{"date":"2022-09","event":"Tribe DAO's fourth repayment vote passes with 99% in favor of full reimbursement to hack victims; dissolution proceeds","source":"","date_original":"2022-09-01"},{"date":"2024-01-10","event":"Rari Capital announces shutdown of frontend applications effective February 29, 2024","source":""},{"date":"2024-09-18","event":"SEC announces settled charges against Rari Capital Inc. and co-founders Bhavnani, Lipstone, and Lucid for misleading investors and acting as unregistered brokers","source":""},{"date":"2024-09-19","event":"U.S. District Court for the Central District of California enters final judgments; co-founders receive five-year officer-and-director bars and monetary penalties totaling approximately 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