{"investigation":{"slug":"perplexity-ai","entity_name":"Perplexity AI","trust_score":42,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.75,"status":"draft","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Perplexity AI is a San Francisco-based AI 'answer engine' and, since 2025, an AI-powered web browser called Comet, valued at roughly $20-23 billion as of early 2026. The company faces a large and growing number of copyright and trademark lawsuits from major publishers (Dow Jones/New York Post, The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Encyclopaedia Britannica/Merriam-Webster) and platforms (Reddit, Amazon) alleging unauthorized scraping, content reproduction, and covert automated access, alongside independent security research documenting serious prompt-injection vulnerabilities in its Comet browser. No crypto-specific scam activity by the company itself was found, though its brand name is a plausible target for unaffiliated token-impersonation scams common across the AI sector.","sections":[{"content":"Perplexity is a defendant in multiple copyright and trademark infringement lawsuits filed by news and reference publishers. Dow Jones & Company (publisher of the Wall Street Journal) and the New York Post, both News Corp subsidiaries, sued Perplexity in federal court in New York in October 2024, alleging 'massive' illegal copying of copyrighted works and diversion of traffic and revenue away from publishers. Perplexity has publicly disputed the claims, stating it always provides citations and launched a publisher revenue-sharing program (including TIME, Fortune, and Der Spiegel) in response. The Chicago Tribune filed a separate federal suit in New York in December 2025, alleging Perplexity's retrieval system reproduces paywalled articles near-verbatim and that its Comet browser bypasses the paper's paywall. The New York Times sued Perplexity in December 2025, alleging 'verbatim or near-verbatim' reproduction of Times journalism and instances where fabricated ('hallucinated') information was falsely attributed to the Times; the suit seeks damages and an injunction. Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster filed a 55-page complaint against Perplexity, alleging its 'PerplexityBot' crawled and reproduced their copyrighted reference content and that Perplexity attributed false, AI-generated information to their brands in violation of trademark law. As of March 2026, Perplexity was seeking dismissal of the New York Times and Chicago Tribune suits. Perplexity has responded to these suits by expanding its Publishers' Program and, in August 2025, launching 'Comet Plus,' which allocates a share of subscription revenue to participating publishers.","heading":"Publisher Copyright Lawsuits","sources":[{"url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69280523/dow-jones-company-inc-v-perplexity-ai-inc/","name":"Dow Jones & Company, Inc. v. Perplexity AI, Inc. docket","type":"court_filing","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/about-the-dow-jones-lawsuit","name":"Perplexity: About the Dow Jones lawsuit","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/05/the-new-york-times-is-suing-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement","name":"TechCrunch: The New York Times is suing Perplexity for copyright infringement","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/04/chicago-tribune-sues-perplexity","name":"TechCrunch: Chicago Tribune sues Perplexity","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-sue-ai-startup-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement/","name":"Courthouse News: Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster sue AI startup Perplexity for copyright infringement","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica-files-copyright-and-trademark-infringement-lawsuit-against-perplexity","name":"Britannica Corporate: Britannica Files Copyright and Trademark Infringement Lawsuit Against Perplexity","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://nationaltoday.com/us/il/chicago/news/2026/03/02/perplexity-ai-seeks-to-dismiss-copyright-lawsuits-from-ny-times-chicago-tribune/","name":"National Today: Perplexity AI Seeks to Dismiss Copyright Lawsuits from NY Times, Chicago Tribune","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Reddit filed a lawsuit in federal court in New York against Perplexity and three other companies — Oxylabs UAB, AWM Proxy, and SerpApi — alleging 'industrial-scale' unauthorized scraping of millions of Reddit posts for commercial use. The complaint alleges Perplexity used large-volume proxy networks, fake user agents, IP rotation, and 'stealth, undeclared crawlers' to circumvent Reddit's access controls, and that Perplexity's citations of Reddit content increased roughly forty-fold after Reddit issued a cease-and-desist letter in May 2024. Reddit says the alleged conduct undermined its licensing revenue and required additional investment in security. Perplexity has stated publicly that it does not train models on Reddit content and instead provides summaries and citations of public discussions.","heading":"Reddit Data-Scraping Lawsuit","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/reddit-user-data-battle-ai-industry-sues-perplexity-scraping-posts-openai-chatgpt-google-gemini-lawsuit.html","name":"CNBC: Reddit accuses Perplexity of stealing user posts, expanding data rights battle with AI industry","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/4078052/reddit-sues-perplexity-for-ai-scraping.html","name":"Computerworld: Reddit sues Perplexity, three other firms, for AI scraping","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Amazon sued Perplexity in November 2025, alleging the company took steps to 'conceal' its Comet AI browser agent so it could access Amazon's website and password-protected customer accounts to browse and purchase products, without identifying itself as an AI agent and in violation of Amazon's terms of service. In March 2026, U.S. District Judge Maxine Chesney granted Amazon a preliminary injunction, finding Amazon had shown 'strong evidence' that Comet accessed Amazon's site 'without authorization.' Perplexity has appealed to the Ninth Circuit, arguing that a user directing its AI agent to shop on Amazon is analogous to a person using any web browser, and has alleged Amazon's real motivation is protecting its own AI shopping tools from competition rather than cybersecurity. The case is being closely watched as an early test of how the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) applies to AI browsing agents.","heading":"Amazon Lawsuit Over Comet Shopping Agent","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/10/amazon-wins-court-order-to-block-perplexitys-ai-shopping-agent.html","name":"CNBC: Amazon wins court order to block Perplexity's AI shopping agent","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2026/judge-blocks-perplexitys-ai-bot-from-shopping-on-amazon-in-early-test-of-agentic-commerce/","name":"GeekWire: Judge blocks Perplexity's AI bot from shopping on Amazon","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/perplexity-ai-asks-ninth-circuit-to-allow-shopping-tool-on-amazon/","name":"Courthouse News: Perplexity AI asks Ninth Circuit to allow shopping tool on Amazon","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2026/2026-08-06-ninth-circuit-rules-on-ai-agent-access-to-third-party-websites-under-cfaa","name":"Cooley: Ninth Circuit Rules on AI Agent 'Access' to Third-Party Websites Under CFAA","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"In August 2025, Cloudflare publicly accused Perplexity of using 'stealth, undeclared crawlers' to bypass robots.txt directives and network-level blocks put in place by website operators who had explicitly opted out of AI crawling. Cloudflare said that when its declared PerplexityBot user agent was blocked, Perplexity's crawling infrastructure switched to generic browser user agents impersonating Google Chrome on macOS and rotated source ASNs to obscure its identity, and that it sometimes failed to fetch or respect robots.txt files. Cloudflare removed Perplexity's crawler from its list of verified bots and began blocking it and associated stealth bots by default. Perplexity's spokesperson disputed the claims, calling the report a 'publicity stunt' and stating the specific bot named was not Perplexity's and had not accessed the content in question.","heading":"Cloudflare: Alleged Stealth Crawling to Evade Blocks","sources":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/05/some-people-are-defending-perplexity-after-cloudflare-named-and-shamed-it","name":"TechCrunch: Some people are defending Perplexity after Cloudflare named and shamed it","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/cloudflare-de-lists-perplexity-alleges-stealth-scraping","name":"Silicon Republic: Cloudflare de-lists Perplexity, alleges stealth scraping","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/agents-or-bots-making-sense-of-ai-on-the-open-web","name":"Perplexity: Agents or Bots? Making Sense of AI on the Open Web","type":"official","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Independent security researchers at Brave documented multiple indirect prompt-injection vulnerabilities in Perplexity's Comet AI browser. Brave reported an initial vulnerability to Perplexity on approximately August 27-28, 2025, describing a 'CometJacking' attack in which commands hidden in URL parameters could cause Comet's AI assistant to access a user's stored memory/data and exfiltrate it, base64-encoded, to an attacker-controlled server when the user clicked a malicious link; Perplexity reportedly initially assessed the report as having 'no security impact' and marked it not applicable. On October 1, 2025, Brave disclosed further vulnerabilities involving Comet's screenshot-analysis feature, in which malicious instructions could be hidden as near-invisible text within images (e.g., faint colored text on similar backgrounds) that Comet's optical-character-recognition pipeline would extract and execute as commands rather than treat as untrusted content. Brave characterized indirect prompt injection as a systemic problem across AI-powered browsers generally, not unique to Comet, but singled out Comet in its published research as a concrete example of exploitable flaws.","heading":"Comet Browser Security Vulnerabilities (Prompt Injection)","sources":[{"url":"https://brave.com/blog/comet-prompt-injection/","name":"Brave: Agentic Browser Security: Indirect Prompt Injection in Perplexity Comet","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://brave.com/blog/unseeable-prompt-injections/","name":"Brave: Unseeable prompt injections in screenshots: more vulnerabilities in Comet and other AI browsers","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://ppc.land/comet-browser-faces-multiple-security-vulnerabilities-from-prompt-injection/","name":"PPC Land: Comet browser faces multiple security vulnerabilities from prompt injection","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/researchers-severe-vulnerabilities-ai-browser-comet","name":"Futurism: Researchers Find Severe Vulnerabilities in AI Browser","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"No evidence was found of Perplexity AI itself issuing a cryptocurrency token, running a crypto exchange, or being the subject of an SEC/CFTC enforcement action. However, prominent AI brands are frequently targeted by unaffiliated actors who launch fake 'PPLX'-style tokens or phishing airdrop campaigns using a well-known company's name without authorization; this is a general pattern documented across the crypto industry rather than a claim specific to a confirmed Perplexity impersonation incident. Users should independently verify that any token, airdrop, or wallet-connection request claiming affiliation with Perplexity AI is confirmed through the company's official channels (perplexity.ai) before interacting with it, as no legitimate Perplexity-branded cryptocurrency token has been identified in company communications found during this research.","heading":"Crypto-Relevant Angle: Brand Impersonation Risk","sources":[{"url":"https://tangem.com/en/blog/post/airdrop-scams/","name":"Tangem: Airdrop Scams in Crypto and How to Avoid Them","type":"research","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/coinmonks/crypto-airdrop-scams-in-2026-real-examples-red-flags-bae7ade731a8","name":"Medium/Coinmonks: Crypto Airdrop Scams in 2026: Real Examples & Red Flags","type":"community_report","credibility":3}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"Perplexity AI is a San Francisco-based startup founded in 2022 that operates an AI 'answer engine' combining search with large-language-model-generated summaries and citations. Since 2025 it has expanded into an AI-powered web browser, Comet, and other agentic products. The company has raised over $1.5 billion in total funding from investors including Accel, NEA, IVP, SoftBank Vision Fund 2, Nvidia, Jeff Bezos, Elad Gil, Nat Friedman, and Shopify CEO Tobi Lütke. Perplexity finalized a roughly $20 billion valuation in a Series E-6 round around September 2025, and reports indicate a further round near $23 billion in January 2026, with Nvidia reportedly in talks in mid-2026 to invest at a valuation above $30 billion. This rapid growth and product expansion (including agentic browsing and shopping features) is the backdrop against which the copyright, scraping, and security controversies below have emerged.","heading":"Company Background and Scale","sources":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/perplexity-finalizes-20-billion-valuation-232758524.html","name":"The Information via Yahoo Finance: Perplexity finalizes $20 billion valuation round","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2024-10","event":"Dow Jones & Company and the New York Post file a copyright and trademark infringement lawsuit against Perplexity in federal court in New York.","source":"CourtListener docket / Variety","source_url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69280523/dow-jones-company-inc-v-perplexity-ai-inc/"},{"date":"2025-08","event":"Cloudflare publicly accuses Perplexity of using stealth crawlers and evading robots.txt blocks; de-lists Perplexity as a verified bot.","source":"TechCrunch","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/05/some-people-are-defending-perplexity-after-cloudflare-named-and-shamed-it"},{"date":"2025-08","event":"Brave researchers report the 'CometJacking' indirect prompt-injection vulnerability to Perplexity; Perplexity initially assesses it as having no security impact.","source":"Brave","source_url":"https://brave.com/blog/comet-prompt-injection/"},{"date":"2025-09","event":"Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster file a copyright and trademark infringement lawsuit against Perplexity.","source":"Courthouse News Service","source_url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-sue-ai-startup-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement/","date_original":"2025-09-11"},{"date":"2025-10","event":"Brave discloses additional Comet vulnerabilities involving hidden text in screenshots processed as executable commands.","source":"Brave","source_url":"https://brave.com/blog/unseeable-prompt-injections/"},{"date":"2025-10","event":"Reddit sues Perplexity, Oxylabs, AWM Proxy, and SerpApi for alleged industrial-scale scraping of Reddit posts.","source":"CNBC","source_url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/reddit-user-data-battle-ai-industry-sues-perplexity-scraping-posts-openai-chatgpt-google-gemini-lawsuit.html","date_original":"2025-10-23"},{"date":"2025-11","event":"Amazon sues Perplexity, alleging its Comet browser agent concealed its identity to access Amazon accounts without authorization.","source":"Retail Dive / Yahoo News","source_url":"https://www.retaildive.com/news/amazon-sues-perplexity-ai-shopping-agents/804871/"},{"date":"2025-12","event":"Chicago Tribune sues Perplexity for copyright infringement over alleged reproduction of paywalled articles.","source":"TechCrunch","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/04/chicago-tribune-sues-perplexity","date_original":"2025-12-04"},{"date":"2025-12","event":"The New York Times sues Perplexity, alleging verbatim reproduction of its journalism and false attribution of hallucinated content.","source":"TechCrunch","source_url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/05/the-new-york-times-is-suing-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement","date_original":"2025-12-05"},{"date":"2026-03","event":"A federal judge grants Amazon a preliminary injunction blocking Perplexity's Comet agent from accessing Amazon's site.","source":"CNBC","source_url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/10/amazon-wins-court-order-to-block-perplexitys-ai-shopping-agent.html","date_original":"2026-03-10"},{"date":"2026-03","event":"Perplexity moves to dismiss the New York Times and Chicago Tribune copyright lawsuits.","source":"National Today","source_url":"https://nationaltoday.com/us/il/chicago/news/2026/03/02/perplexity-ai-seeks-to-dismiss-copyright-lawsuits-from-ny-times-chicago-tribune/"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69280523/dow-jones-company-inc-v-perplexity-ai-inc/","name":"Dow Jones & Company, Inc. v. Perplexity AI, Inc. docket","type":"court_filing","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260219035937/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69280523/dow-jones-company-inc-v-perplexity-ai-inc/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-02-19T03:59:37+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/about-the-dow-jones-lawsuit","name":"Perplexity: About the Dow Jones lawsuit","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260812045453/https://www.perplexity.ai/hub/blog/about-the-dow-jones-lawsuit","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-12T04:54:53+00:00"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/05/the-new-york-times-is-suing-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement","name":"TechCrunch: The New York Times is suing Perplexity for copyright infringement","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260821060922/https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/05/the-new-york-times-is-suing-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-21T06:09:22+00:00"},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/04/chicago-tribune-sues-perplexity","name":"TechCrunch: Chicago Tribune sues Perplexity","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260918163955/https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/04/chicago-tribune-sues-perplexity/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-18T16:39:55+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-sue-ai-startup-perplexity-for-copyright-infringement/","name":"Courthouse News: Encyclopaedia Britannica and Merriam-Webster sue AI startup Perplexity for copyright infringement","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260923005326/https://www.courthousenews.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-and-merriam-webster-claim-copyright-infringement-by-ai-startup-perplexity/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-23T00:53:26+00:00"},{"url":"https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica-files-copyright-and-trademark-infringement-lawsuit-against-perplexity","name":"Britannica Corporate: Britannica Files Copyright and Trademark Infringement Lawsuit Against Perplexity","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260215230917/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica-files-copyright-and-trademark-infringement-lawsuit-against-perplexity","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-02-15T23:09:17+00:00"},{"url":"https://nationaltoday.com/us/il/chicago/news/2026/03/02/perplexity-ai-seeks-to-dismiss-copyright-lawsuits-from-ny-times-chicago-tribune/","name":"National Today: Perplexity AI Seeks to Dismiss Copyright Lawsuits from NY Times, Chicago Tribune","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260305095051/https://nationaltoday.com/us/il/chicago/news/2026/03/02/perplexity-ai-seeks-to-dismiss-copyright-lawsuits-from-ny-times-chicago-tribune/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-03-05T09:50:51+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/reddit-user-data-battle-ai-industry-sues-perplexity-scraping-posts-openai-chatgpt-google-gemini-lawsuit.html","name":"CNBC: Reddit accuses Perplexity of stealing user posts, expanding data rights battle with AI industry","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260117021537/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/reddit-user-data-battle-ai-industry-sues-perplexity-scraping-posts-openai-chatgpt-google-gemini-lawsuit.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-17T02:15:37+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/4078052/reddit-sues-perplexity-for-ai-scraping.html","name":"Computerworld: Reddit sues Perplexity, three other firms, for AI scraping","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251029203110/https://www.computerworld.com/article/4078052/reddit-sues-perplexity-for-ai-scraping.html","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-29T20:31:10+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/10/amazon-wins-court-order-to-block-perplexitys-ai-shopping-agent.html","name":"CNBC: Amazon wins court order to block Perplexity's AI shopping agent","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260918163538/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/10/amazon-wins-court-order-to-block-perplexitys-ai-shopping-agent.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-18T16:35:38+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.geekwire.com/2026/judge-blocks-perplexitys-ai-bot-from-shopping-on-amazon-in-early-test-of-agentic-commerce/","name":"GeekWire: Judge blocks Perplexity's AI bot from shopping on Amazon","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260921093548/https://www.geekwire.com/2026/judge-blocks-perplexitys-ai-bot-from-shopping-on-amazon-in-early-test-of-agentic-commerce/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-21T09:35:48+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/perplexity-ai-asks-ninth-circuit-to-allow-shopping-tool-on-amazon/","name":"Courthouse News: Perplexity AI asks Ninth Circuit to allow shopping tool on Amazon","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260923005356/https://www.courthousenews.com/perplexity-ai-asks-ninth-circuit-to-allow-shopping-tool-on-amazon/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-23T00:53:56+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2026/2026-08-06-ninth-circuit-rules-on-ai-agent-access-to-third-party-websites-under-cfaa","name":"Cooley: Ninth Circuit Rules on AI Agent 'Access' to Third-Party Websites Under 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