{"investigation":{"slug":"onyx-v2","entity_name":"Onyx V2","trust_score":22,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.82,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Onyx Protocol is a Compound Finance fork and DeFi lending platform on Ethereum that launched a V2 iteration in 2024 following two devastating exploits — one in November 2023 ($2.1M) and a second in September 2024 ($3.8M) — both exploiting the same known vulnerability in the Compound V2 codebase. After the second hack, the community voted to shut down the Ethereum lending market and relaunch as Onyx Core; V2 targeting compliance with the U.S. CLARITY Act launched in Q3 2025 on a new XCN Ledger infrastructure. Total confirmed losses across both exploits exceed $5.9 million.","sections":[{"content":"Onyx Protocol is a decentralized algorithmic money market built as a fork of Compound Finance, deployed on Ethereum. It allows users to lend and borrow cryptocurrencies and was among the first Compound forks to support NFTs as collateral. The protocol is governed by holders of XCN (Onyxcoin), which serves both as a governance token and, in later iterations, as a gas token. The DAO structure requires a minimum of 100,000,000 XCN staked to propose governance changes, with proposals requiring 200,000,000 votes and a 3-day voting window. The Onyx DAO team is pseudonymous; known contributors include Web3Geo (COO and lead business developer), Jimmy (marketing), and several anonymous developers identified by handles. The project was audited by CertiK in January 2022, but subsequent protocol updates were not subjected to fresh audits.","heading":"Protocol Background","sources":[{"url":"https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","name":"hacken.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-onyx-protocol-all-you-need-to-know-about-xcn/4336","name":"gate.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://onyx-dao.gitbook.io/onyx-dao/resources/the-onyx-dao-team/","name":"onyx-dao.gitbook.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/post-mortem-onyx-protocol","name":"certik.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On November 2, 2023, Onyx Protocol suffered its first major exploit, resulting in the loss of approximately 1,164 ETH valued at $2.1 million at the time. The attacker (address: 0x085bdff2c522e8637d4154039db8746bb8642bff) exploited a known vulnerability in the Compound V2 codebase: an 'empty pool attack' affecting newly created, unfunded markets. The Onyx DAO had recently added a PEPE memecoin market via governance Proposal 22, which passed with governance dominated by a single address controlling approximately 97% of votes. Only 11 total governance votes were cast. The attacker minted a small number of oPEPE tokens into the empty pool, then donated large amounts of PEPE to artificially inflate the exchange rate. They then borrowed other assets using the overvalued oPEPE as collateral and exploited a rounding error to redeem more assets than initially deposited. Of the stolen funds, 1,140 ETH was deposited into Tornado Cash and approximately 24 ETH was distributed to on-chain addresses. The protocol's TVL dropped approximately 87% — from $2.9 million to $392,000 — following the exploit. This was the third identical attack on a Compound fork in 2023, following exploits of Hundred Finance and Midas Capital. CertiK had identified the vulnerability class in an earlier audit, but the market-specific conditions enabling exploitation were not flagged as active risk at launch.","heading":"First Exploit — November 2023 ($2.1M)","sources":[{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","name":"hacken.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-october-2023","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2023/11/01/onyx-protocol-lost-2-1-million-in-a-latest-exploit/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/post-mortem-onyx-protocol","name":"certik.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/onyx-protocol-hack-flow-of-funds-analysis","name":"merklescience.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the first exploit, the Onyx DAO passed a series of recovery proposals and launched Onyx Protocol V2, a restructured money market on Ethereum targeting improved security. The V2 launch reactivated NFT collateral markets. Despite the stated goal of resolving the rounding-error vulnerability, the updated protocol retained the same fundamental Compound V2 codebase flaw and introduced a new vulnerability in the NFT liquidation contract. On September 26, 2024, Onyx Protocol was exploited a second time for approximately $3.8 million. The attacker (address: 0x680910cf5Fc9969A25Fd57e7896A14fF1E55F36B) used a 2,000 ETH flash loan from Balancer, depositing 1,999.5 ETH into the oEther contract while holding 0.5 ETH in a malicious contract. Through 56 micro-transactions as small as 0.00000001 oETH, the attacker manipulated the oETH exchange rate. A separate flaw in the NFTLiquidation contract failed to validate user input, enabling inflation of self-liquidation rewards. The attack transaction hash was 0x46567c731c4f4f7e27c4ce591f0aebdeb2d9ae1038237a0134de7b13e63d8729. Assets stolen included: 4.1 million VUSD (the protocol's native stablecoin), 7.35 million XCN, 5,000 DAI, 0.23 WBTC, and 50,000 USDT. The VUSD stablecoin depegged severely, dropping as low as $0.2757 (a 72% decline) within 24 hours. PeckShield and Cyvers identified the attack; Halborn and Hexgate provided post-mortem analysis. The exploit was the second use of the same known Compound V2 vulnerability against Onyx within one year, underscoring the failure to remediate a publicly documented attack vector.","heading":"V2 Launch and Second Exploit — September 2024 ($3.8M)","sources":[{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt2","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-september-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/318499/defi-protocol-onyx-hit-with-a-3-2-million-exploit-marking-second-attack-within-a-year","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/onyx-protocol-preventable-hack/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/defi/vusd-stablecoin-depegs-after-usd3-8-million-exploit-of-onyxdao","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://dailyhodl.com/2024/09/27/decentralized-web3-project-onyx-hacked-for-3800000-worth-of-crypto-peckshield/","name":"dailyhodl.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.aicoin.com/en/article/420947","name":"aicoin.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Security analysts have consistently emphasized that both Onyx exploits were preventable. The Compound V2 empty-market rounding error was publicly documented and had been exploited against other forks (Hundred Finance, Midas Capital) before the first Onyx attack. A widely circulated mitigation recommendation advised developers to 'mint some cTokens and burn them to make sure the total supply never goes to zero,' preventing exchange rate manipulation. Onyx's last independent audit by CertiK was conducted in January 2022 — more than a year before the first exploit and over two years before the second. No evidence of an audit of Onyx V2's updated NFT liquidation contract or newly deployed markets was identified in public sources. The governance structure, with proposals historically dominated by single large token holders, further reduced the likelihood of community-driven security oversight. Halborn Security described the second exploit as 'the same vulnerability that caused it to lose $2.1 million one year back,' characterizing it as a known, repeated risk.","heading":"Repeated Failure to Remediate Known Vulnerabilities","sources":[{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-september-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/onyx-protocol-preventable-hack/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","name":"hacken.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt2","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://metatrust.io/blogs/post/how-onyxs-governance-and-vulnerability-became-hackers-golden-shovels","name":"metatrust.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the September 2024 exploit, the Onyx team proposed OIP-46: Relaunch Onyx Core on September 27, 2024. The proposal passed with 100% approval in under two days, with execution scheduled for October 1, 2024. The plan called for: shutting down the Ethereum-based lending market, fully reimbursing lenders at a 1:1 ratio for deposited assets, and relaunching as Onyx Core — a closed-ended lending protocol supporting NFTs, real-world assets (RWAs), and crypto assets with XCN staking as the governance mechanism. A revised whitepaper was promised alongside the relaunch. A community-backed relaunch under the Onyx V2 branding then proceeded in late 2025, with the new architecture running natively on the XCN Ledger (described as a Layer 3 blockchain) with gas-free transactions, full EVM compatibility via Arbitrum Nitro, and positioning designed to meet anticipated U.S. CLARITY Act compliance standards. Onyx's Goliath proof-of-stake Layer 1 mainnet went live on March 27, 2026. Whether lenders were fully reimbursed at 1:1 as promised is not independently confirmed in publicly available sources reviewed.","heading":"Post-Hack Response and Relaunch as Onyx Core","sources":[{"url":"https://community.onyx.org/t/oip-46-relaunch-onyx-core/1795","name":"community.onyx.org","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coincodecap.com/onyx-set-to-relaunch-after-3-8-million-hack-backed-by-community-vote","name":"coincodecap.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/onyx-core-relaunch-after-3-8m-hack","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptopolitan.com/onyx-to-relaunch-onyx-core-after-hack/","name":"cryptopolitan.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560604240361","name":"bitget.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptonewsnavigator.com/academy/article/onyxcoin-survival-thesis","name":"cryptonewsnavigator.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"The XCN (Onyxcoin) token experienced severe valuation decline over the period spanning both exploits. As of late 2024, XCN was trading approximately 97% below its 2022 all-time high. The token experienced a brief speculative recovery in January 2025, surging approximately 1,500% to reach $0.05, before falling approximately 85%. As of May 2026, XCN trades at approximately $0.004673 USD with a 24-hour trading volume near $6.3 million. The VUSD stablecoin issued by Onyx depegged to $0.2757 during the September 2024 exploit — a near-total loss of peg — and has not been widely reported as recovering to stable levels following the hack. Market observers have noted that the token's recovery periods have been driven primarily by speculative activity rather than demonstrable protocol adoption.","heading":"XCN Token Performance and Market Impact","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/onyxcoin/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coingecko.com/en/coins/onyxcoin","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coingape.com/heres-why-onyxcoin-xcn-price-skyrockets-800-in-weeks/","name":"coingape.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/defi/vusd-stablecoin-depegs-after-usd3-8-million-exploit-of-onyxdao","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptonewsnavigator.com/academy/article/onyxcoin-price-prediction-survival-thesis","name":"cryptonewsnavigator.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Public post-mortem analyses identified significant governance weaknesses in Onyx Protocol. The governance proposal that introduced the unfunded PEPE market — which enabled the first exploit — was passed with only 11 total votes, with a single address controlling approximately 97% of the vote weight. This centralization of governance power effectively eliminated community oversight as a security check. The rekt.news analysis noted that the protocol 'lacked the community support and vigilance needed to prevent the vulnerability from being exploited.' The Onyx DAO team is pseudonymous, with no publicly identified founders or legal entity disclosed. No regulatory filings, legal entity registration, or consumer protection disclosures have been found in publicly available records.","heading":"Governance Weaknesses","sources":[{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","name":"hacken.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://metatrust.io/blogs/post/how-onyxs-governance-and-vulnerability-became-hackers-golden-shovels","name":"metatrust.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://onyx-dao.gitbook.io/onyx-dao/resources/the-onyx-dao-team/","name":"onyx-dao.gitbook.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"No SEC, CFTC, DOJ, or other regulatory enforcement actions against Onyx Protocol or its operators have been identified in publicly available records as of the time of this investigation. The Onyx DAO has stated that Onyx V2 is designed to position XCN as a 'Digital Commodity Token' within a 'Mature Blockchain System,' citing anticipated compliance with the U.S. CLARITY Act. No independent verification of these compliance claims has been located. The protocol operates as an anonymous, decentralized DAO with no publicly disclosed legal entity, creating significant uncertainty about accountability in the event of future losses.","heading":"Regulatory Status","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/onyxcoin/latest-updates/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/onyx-protocol","name":"messari.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2022","event":"CertiK completes audit of Onyx Protocol — the last known independent security audit. Subsequent protocol updates and new market deployments were not re-audited.","source":"","date_original":"2022-01-01"},{"date":"2023-10","event":"Onyx DAO passes governance Proposal 22 adding an unfunded PEPE market; only 11 total votes cast with one address controlling ~97% of vote weight.","source":"","date_original":"2023-10-01"},{"date":"2023-11-02","event":"First exploit: attacker (0x085bdff2c522e8637d4154039db8746bb8642bff) drains $2.1 million (1,164 ETH) using an empty-pool rounding error in the Compound V2 fork. 1,140 ETH deposited to Tornado Cash. TVL drops 87%.","source":""},{"date":"2024","event":"Onyx DAO passes recovery proposals including plans to launch V2 money market with security improvements targeting the rounding-error vulnerability.","source":"","date_original":"2024-01-01"},{"date":"2024-09-26","event":"Second exploit: attacker (0x680910cf5Fc9969A25Fd57e7896A14fF1E55F36B) drains $3.8 million using the same Compound V2 exchange-rate manipulation plus a new NFTLiquidation contract flaw. Stolen assets include 4.1M VUSD, 7.35M XCN, 50K USDT, 5K DAI, 0.23 WBTC.","source":""},{"date":"2024-09-26","event":"VUSD stablecoin depegs to $0.2757 — a 72% decline within 24 hours of the exploit.","source":""},{"date":"2024-09-27","event":"OIP-46 (Relaunch Onyx Core) proposed. Protocol announces shutdown of Ethereum lending market and 1:1 lender reimbursement commitment.","source":""},{"date":"2024-09-29","event":"OIP-46 passes with 100% community approval (no opposition votes recorded).","source":""},{"date":"2024-10","event":"OIP-46 executed. Ethereum lending market shut down; Onyx Core relaunch initiated.","source":"","date_original":"2024-10-01"},{"date":"2025","event":"XCN token surges approximately 1,500% to $0.05 in a speculative rally before falling ~85%.","source":"","date_original":"2025-01-01"},{"date":"2025-08","event":"OIP-60 deployed: Onyx Points rewards for stakers activated; gas-free wallet launched; Onyx AI v2 and website overhaul released.","source":"","date_original":"2025-08-01"},{"date":"2025-10","event":"Onyx V2 launches natively on XCN Ledger (Layer 3) with gas-free transactions, Arbitrum Nitro EVM compatibility, and CLARITY Act compliance positioning.","source":"","date_original":"2025-10-01"},{"date":"2026-03-27","event":"Goliath proof-of-stake Layer 1 mainnet goes live as part of the expanded Onyx ecosystem.","source":""}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","name":"hacken.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260517185057/https://hacken.io/discover/onyx-protocol-hack/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-17T18:50:57+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-onyx-protocol-all-you-need-to-know-about-xcn/4336","name":"gate.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829151915/https://www.gate.com/learn/articles/what-is-onyx-protocol-all-you-need-to-know-about-xcn/4336","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T15:19:15+00:00"},{"url":"https://onyx-dao.gitbook.io/onyx-dao/resources/the-onyx-dao-team/","name":"onyx-dao.gitbook.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/post-mortem-onyx-protocol","name":"certik.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251017015902/https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/post-mortem-onyx-protocol","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-17T01:59:02+00:00"},{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414181913/https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T18:19:13+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-october-2023","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260526030213/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-october-2023","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-26T03:02:13+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2023/11/01/onyx-protocol-lost-2-1-million-in-a-latest-exploit/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829150904/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2023/11/01/onyx-protocol-lost-2-1-million-in-a-latest-exploit/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T15:09:04+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.merklescience.com/blog/onyx-protocol-hack-flow-of-funds-analysis","name":"merklescience.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260308042541/https://www.merklescience.com/blog/onyx-protocol-hack-flow-of-funds-analysis","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-03-08T04:25:41+00:00"},{"url":"https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt2","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414190051/https://rekt.news/onyx-protocol-rekt2","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T19:00:51+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-september-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260415063653/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-onyx-protocol-hack-september-2024","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-15T06:36:53+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/318499/defi-protocol-onyx-hit-with-a-3-2-million-exploit-marking-second-attack-within-a-year","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/onyx-protocol-preventable-hack/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/defi/vusd-stablecoin-depegs-after-usd3-8-million-exploit-of-onyxdao","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://dailyhodl.com/2024/09/27/decentralized-web3-project-onyx-hacked-for-3800000-worth-of-crypto-peckshield/","name":"dailyhodl.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829132707/https://dailyhodl.com/2024/09/27/analyst-jamie-coutts-says-fourth-quarter-could-get-wild-for-crypto-updates-outlook-on-solana-rival-sui/autoload/?exclude=[303415]&lang=en_US","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T13:27:07+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.aicoin.com/en/article/420947","name":"aicoin.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829143548/https://www.aicoin.com/en/article/420947","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T14:35:48+00:00"},{"url":"https://metatrust.io/blogs/post/how-onyxs-governance-and-vulnerability-became-hackers-golden-shovels","name":"metatrust.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260419041828/https://www.metatrust.io/blogs/post/how-onyxs-governance-and-vulnerability-became-hackers-golden-shovels","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-19T04:18:28+00:00"},{"url":"https://community.onyx.org/t/oip-46-relaunch-onyx-core/1795","name":"community.onyx.org","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250923023106/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