{"investigation":{"slug":"lubian","entity_name":"LuBian","trust_score":5,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.85,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"LuBian (lubian.com) was a China-based Bitcoin mining pool that briefly ranked among the world's six largest before ceasing operations in early 2021. The pool is alleged to have functioned as a money laundering vehicle for Chen Zhi's Prince Group, a transnational criminal organization that operated forced-labor pig-butchering scam compounds in Cambodia. In October 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice announced the largest forfeiture in its history — approximately 127,271 BTC (~$15 billion) — directly linked to LuBian and Chen Zhi's criminal enterprise.","sections":[{"content":"LuBian (lubian.com) launched as a Bitcoin mining pool in early 2020 and rose rapidly to become the sixth-largest pool globally by May 2020, controlling approximately 6% of Bitcoin's total network hashrate. The operation was co-founded by Liu Ping, who publicly acknowledged that LuBian operated a mining farm in Iran in partnership with a local private power plant whose investors were both Chinese and Iranian. LuBian claimed to be the largest compliant cryptocurrency mining operation in Iran, where electricity cost less than $0.006 per kilowatt-hour. Liu Ping stated that LuBian had relationships with Iran's Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Iranian military. The operation ran exclusively as a mining pool and accumulator of Bitcoin, with no stated exchange or financial services business. LuBian mined its last known block on approximately March 1, 2021, and then ceased all public operations without explanation.","heading":"Background and Operations","sources":[{"url":"https://news.8btc.com/china-based-lubian-com-boasts-the-largest-compliant-bitcoin-mining-farm-in-iran","name":"news.8btc.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://rekt.news/the-one-that-got-away","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/chinese-bitcoin-miners-develop-strong-relationships-and-crypto-mining-facilities-in-iran/","name":"news.bitcoin.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://compassmining.io/education/lubian-bitcoin-mining-private-pool-stopped","name":"compassmining.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Court documents unsealed by the DOJ in October 2025 allege that LuBian operated as a money laundering front for Chen Zhi's Prince Holding Group (Prince Group), a Cambodia-based multinational conglomerate described by U.S. prosecutors as one of Asia's largest transnational criminal organizations. The indictment charges that Prince Group funneled profits from illicit activities — including human trafficking, forced-labor scam compounds, and pig-butchering cryptocurrency fraud — into cryptocurrency mining to make funds appear legitimate. A related mining operation, Warp Data Technology Lao Sole Co., based in Laos, with a Texas-based subsidiary, was also cited in the same indictment as part of this laundering network. The money laundering process allegedly used 'distributed processing' and 'centralized transfer' techniques, repeatedly splitting large cryptocurrency amounts across dozens of wallets and then reconsolidating them to obscure the origin of funds. Gains were typically laundered through online gambling operations or by converting Bitcoin and stablecoins into fiat currency.","heading":"Alleged Money Laundering Front for Prince Group","sources":[{"url":"https://www.elliptic.co/blog/15-billion-us-seizure-reveals-prince-groups-connection-to-iran-china-bitcoin-mining-theft","name":"elliptic.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/10/14/u-s-targets-cambodian-pig-butchering-takes-usd14b-in-bitcoin-as-biggest-ever-seizure","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://info.arkm.com/research/us-government-btc-seizure-lubian-chen-zhi-pig-butchering","name":"info.arkm.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.trmlabs.com/resources/blog/operation-prince-inside-the-global-effort-that-led-to-the-largest-forfeiture-in-us-history","name":"trmlabs.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/media/1416266/dl","name":"justice.gov","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On December 28, 2020, approximately 127,272 BTC — then worth roughly $3.5 billion — was drained from LuBian's wallets in under two hours. The theft went undetected publicly for nearly five years. Blockchain analytics firm Arkham Intelligence disclosed the hack in August 2025. The vulnerability stemmed from a critical flaw in LuBian's private key generation algorithm: the pool used a 32-bit pseudo-random number generator (Mersenne Twister MT19937-32), which provided only approximately 4.29 billion possible key combinations rather than the cryptographically required trillions, making brute-force attacks feasible on consumer hardware. This vulnerability is nearly identical to the MilkySad flaw (CVE-2023-39910) disclosed in August 2023, and MilkySad researchers had previously listed LuBian's compromised wallets in their research. Following the theft, LuBian allegedly sent over 1,500 blockchain messages via the OP_RETURN function and spent approximately $40,000 in Bitcoin pleading for the attacker to return funds, stating 'Please return our funds, we'll pay a reward.' The attacker did not respond. The stolen Bitcoin remained essentially dormant until mid-2024, when large wallet consolidation movements were observed. By the time of the DOJ announcement in October 2025, the stolen holdings had appreciated to approximately $15 billion.","heading":"The December 2020 Bitcoin Theft","sources":[{"url":"https://milksad.info/posts/research-update-14/","name":"milksad.info","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/lubian-mining-pool-hack-in-2020-resulted-in-127000-bitcoin-theft-34164","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://bitcoinnews.com/legal/127k-btc-stolen-lubian-bitcoin-mining-pool/","name":"bitcoinnews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://rekt.news/the-one-that-got-away","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/02a77211-26f7-4979-800a-2ccbc158dd8a","name":"panewslab.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://info.arkm.com/research/us-government-btc-seizure-lubian-chen-zhi-pig-butchering","name":"info.arkm.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On October 14, 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice unsealed an indictment against Chen Zhi, founder and chairman of Prince Holding Group, in the Eastern District of New York. Chen Zhi, a dual Cambodian-British national, faces charges of wire fraud conspiracy and money laundering conspiracy, carrying a potential sentence of up to 40 years. The DOJ simultaneously filed a civil forfeiture complaint against approximately 127,271 BTC — then valued at approximately $14.4–15 billion — which it described as the largest forfeiture action in U.S. government history. The seized Bitcoin was identified as the same funds taken from LuBian in 2020, now held by Chen Zhi. Prosecutors allege that Chen Zhi grew Prince Group into a vertically integrated criminal enterprise spanning pig-butchering investment fraud, online gambling, and forced-labor scam compounds, in which trafficked workers were held behind barbed wire and coerced under threat of violence into defrauding primarily U.S. victims. Chen Zhi was at large at the time of the indictment; subsequent reports indicated he was arrested and extradited to China by Cambodian authorities.","heading":"DOJ Indictment and Largest-Ever Crypto Forfeiture","sources":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chairman-prince-group-indicted-operating-cambodian-forced-labor-scam-compounds-engaged","name":"justice.gov","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/14/bitcoin-doj-chen-zhi-pig-butchering-scam.html","name":"cnbc.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.elliptic.co/blog/prince-group-targeted-with-crypto-sanctions-for-global-pig-butchering-operations","name":"elliptic.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.trmlabs.com/resources/blog/operation-prince-inside-the-global-effort-that-led-to-the-largest-forfeiture-in-us-history","name":"trmlabs.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/10/14/u-s-targets-cambodian-pig-butchering-takes-usd14b-in-bitcoin-as-biggest-ever-seizure","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On-chain investigator ZachXBT publicly noted that the wallet addresses listed in the DOJ's $15 billion seizure had previously appeared in the MilkySad vulnerability research report published approximately two years earlier, with the private keys for those wallets having been identified as cryptographically weak. ZachXBT's observation connected the DOJ forfeiture case back to the original academic research on the flaw (CVE-2023-39910), corroborating the chain of custody from the LuBian hack through to U.S. government seizure. The MilkySad team had also identified lubian.com as the original wallet holder based on significant mining pool activity associated with those addresses, and reported that approximately 136,951 BTC had been held across all vulnerable wallets before the December 2020 mass withdrawal.","heading":"ZachXBT and On-Chain Investigator Findings","sources":[{"url":"https://milksad.info/posts/research-update-14/","name":"milksad.info","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/4416d1a3-667f-4974-aa76-af0688f6297f","name":"panewslab.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2025/10/15/lubian-wallet-moves-over-usd1b-in-btc-after-3-years-of-inactivity","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the DOJ's announcement, China's National Computer Virus Emergency Response Center published a report alleging that the LuBian hack was in fact a covert operation by the U.S. government rather than a criminal theft by a private actor. Chinese authorities characterized the prolonged dormancy of the stolen funds and their eventual transfer to U.S. government wallets as evidence of state-level involvement, noting that the quiet, delayed movement of billions in Bitcoin is inconsistent with typical criminal behavior. The U.S. Department of Justice and associated agencies categorically denied these allegations. Independent blockchain analysts, including Elliptic, noted that the exact method by which the Bitcoin entered U.S. custody remains unclear, and that whether an actual theft from LuBian occurred in the traditional sense — or whether the funds were otherwise recovered or interdicted — has not been definitively resolved in public reporting.","heading":"Geopolitical Dispute: China's Allegations Against the U.S.","sources":[{"url":"https://www.scworld.com/brief/us-dismisses-chinese-accusation-of-extensive-lubian-mining-pool-hack","name":"scworld.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://bitcoinmagazine.com/news/china-accuses-us-of-stealing-bitcoin","name":"bitcoinmagazine.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.elliptic.co/blog/15-billion-us-seizure-reveals-prince-groups-connection-to-iran-china-bitcoin-mining-theft","name":"elliptic.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2025/11/13/847316.htm","name":"insurancejournal.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/china-accuses-us-of-stealing-127k-bitcoin-lubian-mining-pool/","name":"cryptobriefing.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On October 15, 2025 — one day after the DOJ announced its forfeiture action — a LuBian-linked wallet that had been dormant for over three years moved approximately 9,757 BTC (~$1.1–1.3 billion) to new addresses. The timing was widely noted in the crypto press as potentially significant given the DOJ announcement the prior day. On October 22, 2025, an additional movement of approximately $1.83 billion worth of Bitcoin was reported from addresses associated with the LuBian hack. As of late 2025, approximately 11,886 BTC (~$1.38 billion) associated with LuBian-linked wallets remained in addresses not yet accounted for by the DOJ seizure, with Chen Zhi alleged to still control approximately $1.5 billion in Bitcoin across additional sanctioned wallets.","heading":"Post-Seizure Wallet Activity and Residual Holdings","sources":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lubian-wallet-breaks-3-silence-185909093.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/trending/lubian-linked-wallet-moves-13b-after-dojs-largest-crypto-forfeiture/","name":"financemagnates.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.weex.com/news/detail/hacked-mining-pools-lubian-address-sees-large-outflow-again-with-a-total-of-about-183-billion-usd-worth-of-btc-withdrawn-200105","name":"weex.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://news.bitcoin.com/us-government-may-have-quietly-seized-another-2-4b-in-bitcoin-linked-to-lubian-mining-pool/","name":"news.bitcoin.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/lubian-wallet-breaks-3-year-silence-with-1-3b-bitcoin-move-just-one-day-after-doj-crackdown-coincidence/","name":"cryptonews.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"LuBian's publicly stated operational footprint in Iran — including a mining farm co-operated with a local power plant and claimed relationships with Iranian government ministries — raises significant U.S. sanctions exposure concerns under OFAC's Iran Sanctions program. LuBian's co-founder Liu Ping acknowledged the Iran operations publicly in mid-2020. Operating cryptocurrency infrastructure in Iran for entities that include Iranian investors or Iranian government-connected partners is generally prohibited under the U.S. Iran sanctions regime. No specific OFAC designation of LuBian or Liu Ping has been confirmed in available public records as of the time of this investigation, but the DOJ indictment of Chen Zhi references LuBian's Iran-based operations in the context of the alleged criminal enterprise.","heading":"Iran Sanctions Exposure","sources":[{"url":"https://news.8btc.com/china-based-lubian-com-boasts-the-largest-compliant-bitcoin-mining-farm-in-iran","name":"news.8btc.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.elliptic.co/blog/15-billion-us-seizure-reveals-prince-groups-connection-to-iran-china-bitcoin-mining-theft","name":"elliptic.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/iran-sanctions","name":"ofac.treasury.gov","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2020-05-13","event":"LuBian ranked 6th largest Bitcoin mining pool globally, controlling approximately 6% of network hashrate, according to BTC.com data.","source":""},{"date":"2020-08-14","event":"Co-founder Liu Ping publicly confirms LuBian operates the largest compliant Bitcoin mining farm in Iran, with Chinese and Iranian investors and ties to Iranian government ministries.","source":""},{"date":"2020-12-28","event":"Approximately 127,272 BTC (~$3.5 billion at the time) drained from LuBian wallets in under two hours, exploiting a 32-bit entropy flaw in the pool's private key generation algorithm.","source":""},{"date":"2021-02","event":"LuBian ceases all public mining operations without explanation; last block mined approximately March 1, 2021.","source":"","date_original":"2021-02-01"},{"date":"2023-08","event":"MilkySad vulnerability (CVE-2023-39910) disclosed; researchers identify LuBian's compromised wallet addresses as linked to the same cryptographic flaw.","source":"","date_original":"2023-08-01"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"MilkySad publishes formal research update linking the December 2020 LuBian mass withdrawal to weakly generated private keys, identifying lubian.com as the former wallet holder.","source":"","date_original":"2024-04-01"},{"date":"2024-06","event":"First large-scale wallet consolidation movements observed in addresses holding stolen LuBian funds, after years of dormancy; funds subsequently entered U.S. government custody.","source":"","date_original":"2024-06-01"},{"date":"2025-08-02","event":"Arkham Intelligence publicly discloses the December 2020 LuBian theft, describing it as the largest cryptocurrency hack in history at $3.5 billion (now $14.8 billion).","source":""},{"date":"2025-10-14","event":"DOJ unseals indictment against Chen Zhi (Prince Group chairman) for wire fraud and money laundering; announces civil forfeiture of approximately 127,271 BTC (~$15 billion), the largest in U.S. government history, linked to LuBian.","source":""},{"date":"2025-10-15","event":"A LuBian-linked wallet dormant for over three years moves 9,757 BTC (~$1.1 billion) to new addresses, one day after DOJ announcement.","source":""},{"date":"2025-10-22","event":"Additional movement of approximately $1.83 billion in Bitcoin from LuBian-associated hacked addresses.","source":""},{"date":"2025-11-13","event":"China's National Computer Virus Emergency Response Center publishes report accusing the U.S. government of orchestrating the LuBian hack; U.S. denies all 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