{"investigation":{"slug":"loopring","entity_name":"Loopring","trust_score":54,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":22,"confidence":0.82,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Loopring is an Ethereum Layer-2 zkRollup-based decentralized exchange protocol founded in 2017 by Daniel Wang. The protocol suffered a critical June 2024 security breach in which an attacker compromised the Official Guardian two-factor authentication server, draining approximately $5 million from 58 smart wallet accounts. Subsequent to the hack, Loopring wound down its consumer wallet product, shut down DeFi services, lost listings on major exchanges including Binance, Upbit, and Bithumb, and saw its CEO resign in August 2025, leaving the project's long-term viability in serious question.","sections":[{"content":"Loopring is an open-source Layer-2 protocol built on Ethereum that uses zero-knowledge rollup (zkRollup) technology to batch transactions off-chain, reduce fees, and increase throughput. Its native token, LRC, serves as a staking, governance, and fee utility token. The protocol launched a public zkRollup exchange at loopring.io in 2020 and also offered a proprietary smart wallet product marketed as a highly secure self-custodial wallet with social recovery features. At its peak, Loopring supported over 40,000 deployed smart wallets. The founding team is based in China and the project completed its initial coin offering in August 2017. Daniel Wang, the original founder and CEO, left the CEO role in early 2022 to join Taiko Labs, and Steve Guo assumed the CEO role until his resignation in August 2025.","heading":"Protocol Overview","sources":[{"url":"https://loopring.org/","name":"loopring.org","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/loopring-coin-dex-decentralized-exchange","name":"gemini.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/loopring","name":"messari.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://defiprime.com/loopring-protocol","name":"defiprime.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On June 9, 2024, Loopring's Official Guardian two-factor authentication (2FA) server was compromised. According to the team's postmortem, the attacker gained full read and write access to the 2FA server and replaced the 2FA authentication data of affected users with their own email addresses. This allowed the attacker to impersonate wallet owners and initiate unauthorized social recovery procedures on wallets that relied solely on Loopring's Official Guardian service as their single recovery guardian. When the Loopring relayer sent a verification code in response to the social recovery request, it was routed to the attacker's substitute email, granting them authenticated control over affected accounts. The attacker then transferred all assets out of 58 Loopring Smart Wallet addresses. On-chain data identified the primary attacker consolidation address as 0x44f887cfbd667cb2042dd55ab1d8951c94bb0102, which accumulated approximately $5 million in stolen assets, which were subsequently swapped to ETH (approximately 1,373 ETH at the time of reporting). Wallets using multiple guardians or third-party guardians were not affected. Loopring engaged blockchain security firm SlowMist, suspended all Guardian and 2FA operations, reported the incident to Singapore police, and notified exchanges including Binance to assist in tracing funds. The postmortem revealed that the team's servers had been initially compromised prior to the June 9 incident and malware had been planted, which went undetected after an earlier, less severe breach was remediated without full forensic review. As of the writing of the postmortem, no stolen funds were recovered.","heading":"June 2024 Smart Wallet Exploit","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/postmortem-incident-report-and-path-forward-aa64f7e5f7d1","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-loopring-hack-june-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/loopring-hack-guardian-wallet-exploit/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptopotato.com/loopring-smart-wallets-suffer-a-5-million-exploit/","name":"cryptopotato.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.web3isgoinggreat.com/?id=loopring-wallet-hack","name":"web3isgoinggreat.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/lrc-falls-to-4-month-low-as-looprings-most-secured-wallets-hit-with-5-million-breach/","name":"cryptoslate.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"The June 2024 incident exposed a structural design risk in Loopring's smart wallet system. The protocol marketed its smart wallet as offering a highly secure social recovery model, wherein designated 'guardian' accounts could initiate wallet recovery on behalf of an owner. However, users who chose to rely exclusively on Loopring's Official Guardian service — a centralized, team-operated 2FA mechanism — introduced a single point of failure directly controlled by the Loopring team's infrastructure. The postmortem disclosed that Loopring's AWS servers had been compromised prior to June 9, 2024, and malware had been silently planted. After an initial breach was discovered and partially remediated, the team did not conduct a thorough forensic review of the full backend environment, which allowed persistent malware to remain active and facilitate the larger June 9 attack. Security firm Halborn characterized the root cause as an authentication flaw in the centralized recovery service rather than a flaw in the underlying smart contract code. This distinction is important: on-chain smart contracts were not exploited, but the off-chain, centralized infrastructure critical to the wallet's security model was compromised, demonstrating that the product's security guarantees were partially dependent on trust in Loopring's own operational security.","heading":"Security Infrastructure Failure and Centralization Risk","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/postmortem-incident-report-and-path-forward-aa64f7e5f7d1","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-loopring-hack-june-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.blocmates.com/news-posts/loopring-hack-2fa-breach-instigates-5-million-drain","name":"blocmates.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the 2024 hack and subsequent product shutdowns, Loopring's LRC token was subject to a series of major exchange delistings. In late January 2026, South Korean exchanges Upbit, Bithumb, and Korbit placed LRC on their delisting watchlists. On March 16, 2026, Upbit and Bithumb completed the delisting of LRC, citing deficiencies in project disclosures, a lack of demonstrable business sustainability, and insufficient progress in resolving those deficiencies despite the watchlist warning period. Upbit specifically flagged transparency and business risk concerns. On April 1, 2026, Binance removed LRC from all spot trading markets, after placing LRC under a Monitoring Tag on March 7, 2026. The Binance delisting also encompassed seven other altcoins. These actions were not accompanied by formal government regulatory charges against Loopring or its founders, but the stated grounds — disclosure deficiencies and sustainability concerns — reflect the compliance frameworks imposed on digital asset listings by South Korean regulators including the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Intelligence Unit. LRC's market capitalization had shrunk to approximately $36.5 million by the time of the Binance delisting, placing it outside the top 450 cryptocurrencies by market cap.","heading":"Exchange Delistings and Regulatory Scrutiny","sources":[{"url":"https://www.mexc.com/news/703876","name":"mexc.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptonews.net/news/market/32428178/","name":"cryptonews.net","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/02/13/upbit-to-delist-loopring-over-transparency-and-risk-issues/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/03/18/binance-to-delist-8-major-altcoins-in-april-including-forth-idex-lrc/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/fcfd8-upbit-bithumb-loopring-delisting-lrc","name":"cryptorank.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/upbit-to-delist-loopring-lrc-over-business-concerns-60207","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"In the aftermath of the June 2024 hack, Loopring began systematically winding down its consumer-facing products. The Loopring Smart Wallet mobile application ceased operations on June 30, 2025. Users were informed that the wallet's smart contracts remained intact and funds were accessible manually, but the official UI was shut down. Loopring also announced the closure of its DeFi services — including Dual Investment, Portal, Block Trade, and ETH Staking — effective July 31, 2025, citing a reallocation of resources toward foundational Layer-2 and Layer-3 infrastructure development. In August 2025, CEO Steve Guo resigned after approximately three years in the role, citing personal reasons. His resignation coincided with community speculation about the direction of the project. Following Guo's departure, Loopring announced a strategic pivot toward building Layer-3 DEX infrastructure atop established Layer-2 networks such as Arbitrum and Base. The original founder, Daniel Wang, had previously departed the CEO role in early 2022 to co-found Taiko Labs.","heading":"Product Shutdowns and Leadership Changes","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/loopring-wallet-closure-announcement-287400ff621b","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/loopring-to-cease-wallet-operations-on-june-30/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/time-to-say-goodbye-7eeab35ecfeb","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/loopring-ceo-resigns-lrc-price-jumps-9-amid-community-speculation-17033","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://crypto.news/loopring-ceo-resigns-after-3-years-lrc-surges-9/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"LRC reached an all-time high of approximately $3.83 during the 2021 bull market, in part driven by speculation linked to GameStop NFT marketplace integration discussions. As of early 2026, the token traded at approximately $0.10, representing a decline of over 97% from its all-time high and approximately 65% from December 2024 levels. The June 2024 hack contributed to a price decline to a multi-month low immediately following the incident. Subsequent product shutdowns, exchange delistings (Upbit, Bithumb, Binance), and the CEO resignation in August 2025 accelerated the decline. Trading volume surged 252% at the time of the Binance delisting announcement as holders exited positions. LRC's market capitalization of approximately $36.5 million as of early April 2026 places it well outside the top 400 cryptocurrencies.","heading":"Token Price Decline and Market Position","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/loopring","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://whale-alert.io/stories/c09b01dc4d02cf/Loopring-LRC-faces-liquidity-hit-after-Upbit-delist-Binance-delisting-scheduled-Apr-1-long-term-recovery-hinges-on-Layer3-adoption","name":"whale-alert.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/loopring/latest-updates/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Beyond the June 2024 infrastructure hack, Loopring has been the subject of social media impersonation campaigns. Ripple CTO David Schwartz publicly warned the XRP community about a fraudulent account impersonating @loopringorg on X (formerly Twitter) that falsely claimed a security breach and solicited compensation claims from users. The X platform subsequently suspended the fake account. Additionally, Loopring's official X account was itself compromised by phishing attackers who used it to promote fraudulent airdrop announcements targeting Loopring users. These incidents indicate that the Loopring brand has been routinely leveraged by third-party fraudsters in social engineering attacks, and users should independently verify any communications purportedly from Loopring accounts.","heading":"Social Engineering and Impersonation Risks","sources":[{"url":"https://blog.mexc.com/xrp-community-alerted-to-fraudulent-loopring-scheme-by-ripple-cto-creator-brian/","name":"blog.mexc.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/loopring-user-targetted-phishing-hackers/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Loopring conducted an initial coin offering in August 2017, raising approximately 120,000 ETH (valued at roughly $45 million at the time). On September 4, 2017, the People's Bank of China banned ICOs, requiring all funds raised to be refunded to investors. Daniel Wang has stated that approximately 85% or more of the raised ETH was returned to investors in compliance with Chinese regulations, with the remainder retained to continue development. The ICO and subsequent refund did not result in civil or criminal charges against the Loopring team, but the episode highlighted the project's exposure to regulatory risk in its home jurisdiction at its inception.","heading":"ICO History and Early Regulatory Disruption","sources":[{"url":"https://steemit.com/cryptocurrency/@linuxguy/binance-suspends-lrc-loopring-refunds-being-issued-by-loopring-team","name":"steemit.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2017/09/12/cryptocurrency-china-initial-coin-offerings/","name":"fortune.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://defiprime.com/loopring-protocol","name":"defiprime.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2017-08","event":"Loopring conducts ICO, raising approximately 120,000 ETH (~$45M).","source":"","date_original":"2017-08-01"},{"date":"2017-09-04","event":"People's Bank of China bans ICOs; Loopring refunds approximately 85%+ of raised ETH to investors.","source":""},{"date":"2020","event":"Loopring launches public zkRollup exchange at loopring.io.","source":"","date_original":"2020-01-01"},{"date":"2021-11-10","event":"LRC reaches all-time high of approximately $3.83 amid bull market speculation.","source":""},{"date":"2022","event":"Founder Daniel Wang departs CEO role; joins Taiko Labs. Steve Guo assumes CEO.","source":"","date_original":"2022-01-01"},{"date":"2024-06-09","event":"Attacker compromises Loopring's Official Guardian 2FA server via malware planted on AWS infrastructure; 58 smart wallets drained of approximately $5 million, consolidated to address 0x44f887cfbd667cb2042dd55ab1d8951c94bb0102.","source":""},{"date":"2024-06-10","event":"Loopring suspends Guardian and 2FA operations; engages SlowMist security firm; reports incident to Singapore police.","source":""},{"date":"2024-06","event":"LRC price drops to a multi-month low following disclosure of the hack.","source":"","date_original":"2024-06-01"},{"date":"2026","event":"Upbit, Bithumb, and Korbit place LRC on delisting watchlists citing disclosure deficiencies and sustainability concerns.","source":"","date_original":"2026-01-01"},{"date":"2025-06-30","event":"Loopring Smart Wallet mobile application officially ceases operations.","source":""},{"date":"2025-07-31","event":"Loopring shuts down DeFi services: Dual Investment, Portal, Block Trade, and ETH Staking.","source":""},{"date":"2025-08","event":"CEO Steve Guo resigns after approximately three years; team announces Layer-3 DEX infrastructure pivot.","source":"","date_original":"2025-08-01"},{"date":"2026-03-07","event":"Binance places LRC under Monitoring Tag.","source":""},{"date":"2026-03-16","event":"Upbit and Bithumb complete delisting of LRC, citing compliance failures.","source":""},{"date":"2026-04","event":"Binance removes LRC from all spot trading markets.","source":"","date_original":"2026-04-01"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://loopring.org/","name":"loopring.org","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260805075610/https://loopring.org/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-05T07:56:10+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/loopring-coin-dex-decentralized-exchange","name":"gemini.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260417091234/https://www.gemini.com/cryptopedia/loopring-coin-dex-decentralized-exchange","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-17T09:12:34+00:00"},{"url":"https://messari.io/project/loopring","name":"messari.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://defiprime.com/loopring-protocol","name":"defiprime.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260805075545/https://defiprime.com/loopring-protocol","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-05T07:55:45+00:00"},{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/postmortem-incident-report-and-path-forward-aa64f7e5f7d1","name":"medium.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-loopring-hack-june-2024","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414123256/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-loopring-hack-june-2024","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T12:32:56+00:00"},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/loopring-hack-guardian-wallet-exploit/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250725231151/https://beincrypto.com/loopring-hack-guardian-wallet-exploit/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-07-25T23:11:51+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptopotato.com/loopring-smart-wallets-suffer-a-5-million-exploit/","name":"cryptopotato.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260726234945/https://cryptopotato.com/loopring-smart-wallets-suffer-a-5-million-exploit/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T23:49:45+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.web3isgoinggreat.com/?id=loopring-wallet-hack","name":"web3isgoinggreat.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414212627/https://www.web3isgoinggreat.com/?id=loopring-wallet-hack","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T21:26:27+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/lrc-falls-to-4-month-low-as-looprings-most-secured-wallets-hit-with-5-million-breach/","name":"cryptoslate.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260125124757/https://cryptoslate.com/lrc-falls-to-4-month-low-as-looprings-most-secured-wallets-hit-with-5-million-breach/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-25T12:47:57+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.blocmates.com/news-posts/loopring-hack-2fa-breach-instigates-5-million-drain","name":"blocmates.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414215408/https://www.blocmates.com/news-posts/loopring-hack-2fa-breach-instigates-5-million-drain","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T21:54:08+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.mexc.com/news/703876","name":"mexc.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:gone","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://cryptonews.net/news/market/32428178/","name":"cryptonews.net","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829183128/https://cryptonews.net/news/market/32428178/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T18:31:28+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/02/13/upbit-to-delist-loopring-over-transparency-and-risk-issues/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260727103338/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/02/13/upbit-to-delist-loopring-over-transparency-and-risk-issues/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-27T10:33:38+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/03/18/binance-to-delist-8-major-altcoins-in-april-including-forth-idex-lrc/","name":"cryptotimes.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260318230011/https://www.cryptotimes.io/2026/03/18/binance-to-delist-8-major-altcoins-in-april-including-forth-idex-lrc/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-03-18T23:00:11+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/fcfd8-upbit-bithumb-loopring-delisting-lrc","name":"cryptorank.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260802034613/https://cryptorank.io/news/feed/fcfd8-upbit-bithumb-loopring-delisting-lrc","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-02T03:46:13+00:00"},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/upbit-to-delist-loopring-lrc-over-business-concerns-60207","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260727003311/https://phemex.com/news/article/upbit-to-delist-loopring-lrc-over-business-concerns-60207","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-27T00:33:11+00:00"},{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/loopring-wallet-closure-announcement-287400ff621b","name":"medium.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://crypto.news/loopring-to-cease-wallet-operations-on-june-30/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260416114026/https://crypto.news/loopring-to-cease-wallet-operations-on-june-30/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-16T11:40:26+00:00"},{"url":"https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/time-to-say-goodbye-7eeab35ecfeb","name":"medium.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250928222259/https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/time-to-say-goodbye-7eeab35ecfeb","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-09-28T22:22:59+00:00"},{"url":"https://phemex.com/news/article/loopring-ceo-resigns-lrc-price-jumps-9-amid-community-speculation-17033","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260802123918/https://phemex.com/news/article/loopring-ceo-resigns-lrc-price-jumps-9-amid-community-speculation-17033","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-02T12:39:18+00:00"},{"url":"https://crypto.news/loopring-ceo-resigns-after-3-years-lrc-surges-9/","name":"crypto.news","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260408155631/https://crypto.news/loopring-ceo-resigns-after-3-years-lrc-surges-9/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-08T15:56:31+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/loopring","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260815031326/https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/loopring","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-15T03:13:26+00:00"},{"url":"https://whale-alert.io/stories/c09b01dc4d02cf/Loopring-LRC-faces-liquidity-hit-after-Upbit-delist-Binance-delisting-scheduled-Apr-1-long-term-recovery-hinges-on-Layer3-adoption","name":"whale-alert.io","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260802055842/https://whale-alert.io/stories/c09b01dc4d02cf/Loopring-LRC-faces-liquidity-hit-after-Upbit-delist-Binance-delisting-scheduled-Apr-1-long-term-recovery-hinges-on-Layer3-adoption","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-02T05:58:42+00:00"},{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/loopring/latest-updates/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251211102127/https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/loopring/latest-updates/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-12-11T10:21:27+00:00"},{"url":"https://blog.mexc.com/xrp-community-alerted-to-fraudulent-loopring-scheme-by-ripple-cto-creator-brian/","name":"blog.mexc.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260512054511/https://blog.mexc.com/xrp-community-alerted-to-fraudulent-loopring-scheme-by-ripple-cto-creator-brian/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-12T05:45:11+00:00"},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/loopring-user-targetted-phishing-hackers/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://steemit.com/cryptocurrency/@linuxguy/binance-suspends-lrc-loopring-refunds-being-issued-by-loopring-team","name":"steemit.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829141920/https://steemit.com/cryptocurrency/@linuxguy/binance-suspends-lrc-loopring-refunds-being-issued-by-loopring-team","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T14:19:20+00:00"},{"url":"https://fortune.com/2017/09/12/cryptocurrency-china-initial-coin-offerings/","name":"fortune.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260626153000/https://fortune.com/2017/09/12/cryptocurrency-china-initial-coin-offerings/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-26T15:30:00+00:00"}],"source_tags":["defillama"],"addresses":[],"reviewed":true,"reviewed_by":null,"model_used":"claude-sonnet-4-6","created_at":"2026-05-04T02:54:31.956984+00:00","updated_at":"2026-08-30T16:24:06.268028+00:00"}}