{"investigation":{"slug":"keep3r-network","entity_name":"Keep3r Network","trust_score":42,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.62,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Keep3r Network (KP3R) is a decentralized keeper-job matching protocol launched in October 2020 by Andre Cronje, the creator of Yearn Finance. The protocol has experienced multiple security incidents including a $211k exploit in June 2023, a latent two-year-old vulnerability in its GaugeProxyV2 contract discovered in September 2022, and its oracle was implicated in the $15.6M Inverse Finance hack of April 2022. ZachXBT has flagged the protocol in the context of broader DeFi security concerns, and the project has been surrounded by scam forks, impersonator accounts, and fraudulent staking services operated by unaffiliated parties.","sections":[{"content":"Keep3r Network was launched on October 28, 2020 by Andre Cronje, widely credited as one of DeFi's most prolific builders and the creator of Yearn Finance (YFI). The protocol functions as a decentralized job-matching network connecting smart contracts that need automated execution ('jobs') with external operators ('keepers') who perform those tasks and earn KP3R tokens as compensation. Use cases include flash liquidations, price feed updates, harvest collection, and batch transaction execution. The KP3R token launched with no formal fundraise, no pre-mine allocation to the team, and no investor round — Cronje has stated he held no financial interest in the protocol. Upon launch, the token price rose approximately 2,000% within hours, from roughly $1 to over $2,000 on Uniswap, before correcting sharply as Cronje redeployed contracts during live testing. This speculation-driven launch attracted significant community scrutiny and set a volatile precedent for the token's price history.","heading":"Protocol Overview and Origins","sources":[{"url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a","name":"Keep3r Network v1 beta — Andre Cronje on Medium","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours","name":"Andre Cronje's new KP3R token surges 2000% in hours — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/keep3r-network-token-pumps-3000-after-defi-farmers-fomo-into-launch/","name":"Keep3r Network Token Pumps 3,000% after DeFi Farmers FOMO into Launch — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.boxmining.com/keep3r-network-kp3r/","name":"Keep3r Network ($KP3R): Everything you need to know — Boxmining","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"},{"content":"On June 12, 2023, Keep3r Network suffered a confirmed exploit resulting in the loss of 4,084 KP3R tokens valued at approximately $211,000 at the time. The attacker exploited a whitelisted Keep3r v1 job whose governance address was a cryptographically weak 'vanity address' — an address whose private key could be brute-forced due to predictable generation patterns. The attacker first added liquidity to the targeted job on June 2nd, then seized governance control of the vanity address on June 12th. With governance access, the attacker manipulated the Sushi LP pool and invoked the applyCreditsToJob function, obtaining 4,084 KP3R credits when only approximately 537.89 KP3R was legitimately owed. The exploit was facilitated by design weaknesses in Keep3r v1's receipt function (which permits a job to pay KP3R credits directly) and the susceptibility of v1 credit calculations to flash loan manipulation. The Keep3r Network team published an official post-mortem via their Twitter account acknowledging the incident. This event follows a broader pattern of vanity-address exploits in the Ethereum ecosystem, with similar attacks having drained nearly $1 million from other protocols in the preceding months.","heading":"June 2023 Exploit — Vanity Address Governance Takeover ($211k)","sources":[{"url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/","name":"Keep3r Network exploited for over $200k — DAO Times","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://x.com/thekeep3r","name":"Keep3r Network official Twitter/X account post-mortem announcement","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/110526/hackers-nab-nearly-1-million-crypto-ethereum-vanity-adress-exploit","name":"Hackers Nab Nearly $1 Million in Crypto From Ethereum Vanity Address Exploit — Decrypt","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"In September 2022, security auditing firm Statemind disclosed a critical vulnerability that had existed undetected in Keep3r Network's GaugeProxyV2 contract since the protocol's initial deployment in October 2020 — a period of approximately two years. The flaw resided in the contract's _vote() function, which failed to validate for duplicate token entries in the _tokenVote array. An attacker could exploit this by passing identical tokens in repeated calls, artificially inflating voting weights and manipulating governance reward distributions in their favor. No funds were lost as a result of this vulnerability prior to its discovery and coordinated disclosure, as Statemind reported it to all affected protocols before public announcement. Beyond Keep3r, Statemind identified the same class of vulnerability across five additional blockchain projects: Pickle Finance, Spirit Swap, Venera Swap, Snowball Finance, and Milky Swap. The existence of this flaw for two years without detection raises questions about the adequacy of the protocol's original security review processes.","heading":"Two-Year Latent Vulnerability in GaugeProxyV2 (September 2022)","sources":[{"url":"https://statemind.io/blog/kp3r-vulnerability-report","name":"KP3R Vulnerability Report — Statemind","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html","name":"Statemind Reveals 2-year-old Exploit in Keep3r Network And 6 Other Protocols — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://securitymea.com/2022/10/04/statemind-discovers-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols/","name":"Statemind discovers 2-year-old exploit in Keep3r Network — Security MEA","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"On April 2, 2022, the DeFi lending protocol Inverse Finance was exploited for approximately $15.6 million in ETH, WBTC, DOLA, and YFI. A key component of this attack was the manipulation of a Keep3r TWAP (time-weighted average price) oracle that Inverse Finance relied upon to track the INV token price. The attacker withdrew 901 ETH from Tornado Cash and executed a series of large trades in the INV/WETH pool on SushiSwap, artificially inflating the reported price of INV. A flaw in the Keep3rV2Oracle contract's _update() function allowed the time-window validation check ('timeElapsed > periodSize') to be bypassed — only 15 seconds had elapsed at the time of the attack, well below the intended 30-minute TWAP window, yet the oracle updated its price reference. With an inflated INV price accepted by the oracle, the attacker took out outsized loans against the inflated collateral. Inverse Finance characterized this as an error in the TWAP oracle's sampling method rather than a flaw in Inverse's own contracts, and Keep3r's oracle design was identified as a contributing factor. This incident demonstrated the systemic risk posed by widely integrated oracle infrastructure: a flaw in Keep3r's oracle affected a separate protocol and its users.","heading":"Keep3r Oracle Implicated in Inverse Finance $15.6M Hack (April 2022)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.finance/blog/posts/en-US/inv-price-manipulation-incident","name":"Inverse Finance DAO: INV Price Manipulation Incident — Inverse Finance official blog","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million","name":"DeFi Lender Inverse Finance Exploited for $15.6M — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/inverse-finance-02-april-2022","name":"Inverse Finance 02 April 2022 — CertiK","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://blocksecteam.medium.com/price-oracle-manipulation-attack-on-inverse-finance-a5544218ea91","name":"Price Oracle Manipulation Attack on Inverse Finance — BlockSec on Medium","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"The Keep3r brand has been a persistent target for impersonators and scam operators. In late October 2020, within days of the legitimate Keep3r launch, an unauthorized fork called KPER was deployed and subsequently rug-pulled. The KPER developer minted 10 million additional tokens, dumped them into the Uniswap liquidity pool, drained approximately 1,837 ETH (then worth roughly $623,000), and exited — all within 24 hours of the project reaching a peak market cap of approximately $5 million. KPER had no affiliation with Andre Cronje or the legitimate Keep3r project. Separately, a fraudulent staking service called stKeep3r operated under a Twitter account impersonating the official Keep3r project. stKeep3r promised approximately 1% daily returns on staked ETH and KP3R, a mathematically unsustainable rate characteristic of Ponzi schemes. Community members on Yearn Finance governance forums identified the service as fraudulent; payouts were made from an externally owned account rather than a smart contract, documentation was opaque, and at least one user reported losing funds after approving transactions. The legitimate Keep3r team confirmed that '@thekeep3r' was the only authentic account and that '@kp3r_network' (the impersonator account) was unaffiliated.","heading":"Fraudulent Forks, Impersonator Accounts, and stKeep3r Scam","sources":[{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/","name":"Two multi-million dollar Ethereum DeFi project forks just rug pulled their investors — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.dcforecasts.com/altcoin-news/keep3r-network-and-core-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/","name":"Keep3r Network And CORE Just Rug Pulled Their Investors — DC Forecasts","type":"news_article","credibility":3},{"url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172","name":"stKeep3r is a scam, right? — Yearn Finance Governance Forum","type":"community_report","credibility":3}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"In January 2025, Andre Cronje publicly disclosed for the first time that SEC investigative correspondence beginning in 2021 was a primary factor in his decision to exit the DeFi space in March 2022. Cronje stated the SEC initially inquired about Yearn Finance's fundraising mechanisms and subsequently investigated whether Yearn's yield-bearing vaults constituted investment vehicles under U.S. securities law — applying the Howey Test standard. He maintained that neither Yearn Finance nor Keep3r Network had conducted token sales, accepted investor capital, or generated personal income for him. The investigation nonetheless continued for approximately two years, with monthly correspondence that Cronje described as severely detrimental to his wellbeing. The SEC did not file formal charges against Cronje, and no enforcement action relating to Keep3r specifically has been publicly disclosed. While Keep3r was mentioned in the SEC's initial inquiry, the primary investigative focus appears to have been Yearn Finance. Cronje has since returned to DeFi as a co-founder of Sonic Labs. The episode illustrates the regulatory uncertainty surrounding DeFi protocols during this period and the chilling effect such scrutiny can have on developers even absent formal charges.","heading":"SEC Regulatory Scrutiny and Andre Cronje's 2022 Departure","sources":[{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/","name":"How SEC scrutiny pushed DeFi innovator Andre Cronje to quit in 2022 — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://moneycheck.com/andre-cronje-details-sec-investigation-that-led-to-defi-exit/","name":"Andre Cronje Details SEC Investigation That Led to DeFi Exit — MoneyCheck","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.panewslab.com/en/articles/wp4e6r8l","name":"Andre Cronje explains why he quit DeFi in 2022 — PANews","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://blockonomi.com/andre-cronje-reveals-sec-investigation-behind-2022-defi-departure/","name":"Andre Cronje Reveals SEC Investigation Behind 2022 DeFi Departure — Blockonomi","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"KP3R reached an all-time high of approximately $1,995 in October 2020, driven almost entirely by speculative demand tied to Andre Cronje's reputation rather than protocol fundamentals at the time of launch. As of 2025, the token trades significantly below its all-time high — in the range of $2–$5 — representing a decline of over 99% from peak. The circulating supply is approximately 476,000 KP3R with a market capitalization under $2 million. Total value locked (TVL) in the protocol has declined substantially from its peak. A Keep3r v3 is in development as of late 2024, with audits ongoing and a planned soft launch. The protocol maintains an Immunefi bug bounty program. Despite legitimate use within the Yearn Finance ecosystem (keepers are used to automate Yearn vault operations), the protocol has seen declining developer activity and reduced third-party job integration since Cronje's 2022 departure. The KP3R token's speculative nature at launch and its dramatic price history make it a frequently cited example of the risks of DeFi 'Cronje effect' speculative trading.","heading":"Token Economics, Market Decline, and Current Status","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/keep3rv1/","name":"Keep3rV1 price — CoinMarketCap","type":"on_chain","credibility":2},{"url":"https://immunefi.com/bug-bounty/keep3rnetwork/scope/","name":"Keep3r Network Bug Bounties — Immunefi","type":"official","credibility":2},{"url":"https://defillama.com/protocol/keep3r-network","name":"Keep3r Network — DefiLlama","type":"on_chain","credibility":2},{"url":"https://iq.wiki/wiki/keep3r-network","name":"Keep3r Network overview — IQ.wiki","type":"other","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2020-10-28","event":"Andre Cronje launches Keep3r Network v1 via a Medium post; no formal announcement, no token sale, no team allocation. KP3R token lists on Uniswap.","source":"Andre Cronje on Medium","source_url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a"},{"date":"2020-10-28","event":"KP3R token price surges from ~$1 to over $2,000 within hours on Uniswap, driven by speculative demand tied to Cronje's reputation, before crashing sharply as Cronje redeployed contracts.","source":"CoinTelegraph","source_url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours"},{"date":"2020-10-31","event":"Unauthorized KP3R fork KPER is rug-pulled within 24 hours of launch; developer mints 10 million tokens and drains approximately 1,837 ETH (~$623k) from the Uniswap pool.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/"},{"date":"2021","event":"SEC begins sending investigative letters to Andre Cronje requesting information about Yearn Finance and, subsequently, Keep3r Network's operational mechanics.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/","date_original":"2021-01-01"},{"date":"2021-06","event":"Fraudulent staking service stKeep3r operates under the Twitter account @kp3r_network, impersonating the official Keep3r project and offering approximately 1% daily returns on staked ETH and KP3R — a Ponzi-like structure. At least one user reports losing funds.","source":"Yearn Finance Governance Forum","source_url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172","date_original":"2021-06-01"},{"date":"2022-04-02","event":"Inverse Finance exploited for $15.6 million. The attacker manipulates the Keep3rV2Oracle TWAP oracle, exploiting a time-window validation flaw to inflate the INV token price and borrow against inflated collateral.","source":"CoinDesk","source_url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million"},{"date":"2022-03","event":"Andre Cronje announces his departure from DeFi, later revealed to be driven in part by two years of SEC investigative correspondence. All of his affiliated protocols, including Keep3r Network, are impacted by community uncertainty.","source":"Crypto Briefing","source_url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/andre-cronje-legendary-defi-builder-leaving-crypto/","date_original":"2022-03-01"},{"date":"2022-09","event":"Security firm Statemind discloses a critical two-year-old vulnerability in Keep3r Network's GaugeProxyV2 contract that could allow manipulation of governance voting weights. No funds were lost. Five other DeFi protocols were also affected.","source":"PR Newswire","source_url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html","date_original":"2022-09-01"},{"date":"2023-06-02","event":"An attacker begins positioning for the June 2023 exploit by adding liquidity to a targeted Keep3r v1 job whose governance is controlled by a compromised vanity address.","source":"DAO Times","source_url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"date":"2023-06-12","event":"Attacker seizes governance of the vanity address job, manipulates the Sushi LP pool, and calls applyCreditsToJob to extract 4,084 KP3R (~$211k). Keep3r team publishes a post-mortem.","source":"DAO Times","source_url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/"},{"date":"2025","event":"Andre Cronje publicly reveals for the first time that SEC regulatory pressure was a central reason for his 2022 DeFi exit, providing previously undisclosed context about the investigation.","source":"CryptoSlate","source_url":"https://cryptoslate.com/how-sec-scrutiny-pushed-defi-innovator-andre-cronje-to-quit-in-2022/","date_original":"2025-01-01"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a","name":"Keep3r Network v1 beta — Andre Cronje on Medium","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251013045957/https://andrecronje.medium.com/keep3r-network-v1-beta-20ab98c9e91a","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-13T04:59:57+00:00"},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours","name":"Andre Cronje's new KP3R token surges 2000% in hours — CoinTelegraph","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260120093636/https://cointelegraph.com/news/andre-cronje-s-new-kp3r-token-surges-2000-in-hours","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-20T09:36:36+00:00"},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/keep3r-network-token-pumps-3000-after-defi-farmers-fomo-into-launch/","name":"Keep3r Network Token Pumps 3,000% — BeInCrypto","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/","name":"Keep3r Network exploited for over $200k — DAO Times","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250907203213/https://daotimes.com/keep3r-network-exploited-for-over-200k/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-09-07T20:32:13+00:00"},{"url":"https://statemind.io/blog/kp3r-vulnerability-report","name":"KP3R Vulnerability Report — Statemind","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260607192704/https://statemind.io/blog/kp3r-vulnerability-report","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-07T19:27:04+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html","name":"Statemind Reveals 2-year-old Exploit in Keep3r Network — PR Newswire","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260724174023/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statemind-reveals-2-year-old-exploit-in-keep3r-network-and-6-other-protocols-301635676.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T17:40:23+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million","name":"DeFi Lender Inverse Finance Exploited for $15.6M — CoinDesk","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251202204609/https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/02/defi-lender-inverse-finance-exploited-for-156-million","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2025-12-02T20:46:09+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.inverse.finance/blog/posts/en-US/inv-price-manipulation-incident","name":"Inverse Finance DAO: INV Price Manipulation Incident","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251119020820/https://www.inverse.finance/blog/posts/en-US/inv-price-manipulation-incident","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-19T02:08:20+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/inverse-finance-02-april-2022","name":"Inverse Finance 02 April 2022 — CertiK","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251016165118/https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/inverse-finance-02-april-2022","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-16T16:51:18+00:00"},{"url":"https://blocksecteam.medium.com/price-oracle-manipulation-attack-on-inverse-finance-a5544218ea91","name":"Price Oracle Manipulation Attack on Inverse Finance — BlockSec","type":"research","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260725123146/https://blocksecteam.medium.com/price-oracle-manipulation-attack-on-inverse-finance-a5544218ea91","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-25T12:31:46+00:00"},{"url":"https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/","name":"Two multi-million dollar Ethereum DeFi project forks rug-pulled — CryptoSlate","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724170947/https://cryptoslate.com/two-multi-million-dollar-ethereum-defi-project-forks-just-rug-pulled-their-investors/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T17:09:47+00:00"},{"url":"https://gov.yearn.fi/t/stkeep3r-is-a-scam-right/11172","name":"stKeep3r is a scam, right? 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