{"investigation":{"slug":"deepseek","entity_name":"DeepSeek","trust_score":17,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":-15,"confidence":0.75,"status":"under_investigation","content_type":"investigation","summary":"DeepSeek is a Chinese AI company, spun out of the quantitative hedge fund High-Flyer and founded by Liang Wenfeng, best known for its R1 and V3 large language models released in 2024-2025. The company has faced a January 2025 exposed-database security incident, government bans or restrictions across dozens of countries and US states over data-privacy and national-security concerns, documented political censorship in its chatbot outputs, allegations from OpenAI and Microsoft that it improperly distilled proprietary US models, an ongoing Singapore investigation into possible export-control evasion involving Nvidia chips, and a wave of unaffiliated cryptocurrency tokens that impersonate its brand to defraud investors.","sections":[{"content":"On January 29, 2025, cybersecurity firm Wiz Research identified a publicly accessible ClickHouse database linked to DeepSeek, reachable via two subdomains (oauth2callback.deepseek.com:9000 and dev.deepseek.com:9000) that required no authentication and allowed arbitrary SQL queries through a web interface. The exposed data included over a million log lines containing chat history, plaintext user queries, API keys and secrets used by backend systems, and internal infrastructure details, with logs dating back to at least January 6, 2025. Wiz disclosed the issue to DeepSeek, which secured the database promptly after notification. No evidence has been reported that the exposed data was accessed by malicious actors before Wiz's discovery, but the incident was widely cited by security researchers and journalists as evidence of weak security practices at the company.","heading":"Exposed Database Security Incident (January 2025)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak","name":"Wiz Research: Wiz Research Uncovers Exposed DeepSeek Database Leaking Sensitive Information, Including Chat History","type":"research","credibility":1},{"url":"https://thehackernews.com/2025/01/deepseek-ai-database-exposed-over-1.html","name":"The Hacker News: DeepSeek AI Database Exposed: Over 1 Million Log Lines, Secret Keys Leaked","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/deepseek-exposes-database-with-over-1-million-chat-records/","name":"BleepingComputer: DeepSeek exposes database with over 1 million chat records","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Numerous governments and public-sector bodies have banned or restricted DeepSeek since early 2025, primarily citing data-privacy and national-security concerns tied to data storage in China. Italy's data protection authority (the Garante) ordered DeepSeek to block its chatbot service to Italian users in late January 2025 pending investigation into its handling of personal data; Italy's antitrust authority AGCM separately opened a probe in mid-2025 over alleged failure to warn users about the risk of false or misleading outputs. South Korea's industry ministry temporarily blocked employee access to DeepSeek over security concerns, and its national data protection authority suspended new downloads of the app after DeepSeek acknowledged it had not fully complied with the country's personal-data-protection rules. Additional national or partial restrictions have been reported in Australia, Taiwan, India, and the Czech Republic. In the United States, the Pentagon, NASA, the US Navy, and the Department of Commerce restricted or banned DeepSeek on government devices, and at least 17 US states, starting with Texas on January 31, 2025, banned the app from state government systems.","heading":"Government Bans and Restrictions","sources":[{"url":"https://www.privacylaws.com/news/italy-and-south-korea-ban-deepseek-and-start-investigation/","name":"Privacy Laws & Business: Italy and South Korea ban DeepSeek and start investigation","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/6/which-countries-have-banned-deepseek-and-why","name":"Al Jazeera: Which countries have banned DeepSeek and why?","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://tomsguide.com/computing/online-security/deepseek-ai-banned-by-nasa-us-navy-and-more-over-privacy-concerns","name":"Tom's Guide: DeepSeek AI banned by NASA, US Navy, and more over privacy concerns","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/factbox-governments-regulators-increase-scrutiny-095326244.html","name":"Yahoo Finance (Reuters): Factbox-Governments, regulators increase scrutiny of DeepSeek","type":"news_article","credibility":1}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"DeepSeek's own privacy policy states that it collects and stores user personal data, including IP addresses and keystroke patterns, on servers located in the People's Republic of China. Analysts and government regulators have flagged that under Chinese national security and cybersecurity laws, companies operating in China can be legally compelled to hand over data to state authorities without an independent judicial challenge, raising concern that data from non-Chinese users could become accessible to the Chinese government. Separately, researchers examining DeepSeek's web login infrastructure reported finding obfuscated code connecting to infrastructure associated with China Mobile, a state-owned telecommunications firm that is barred from operating in the US market; this specific finding is more technical and has received comparatively less independent verification than the core data-storage-location facts, so it is treated here as a lower-confidence, Tier 2-sourced claim.","heading":"Data Transfer to China and Legal Access Concerns","sources":[{"url":"https://cdn.deepseek.com/policies/en-US/deepseek-privacy-policy.html","name":"DeepSeek official privacy policy","type":"official","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/101374-dangers-of-deepseeks-privacy-policy-data-risks-in-the-age-of-ai","name":"Security Magazine: Dangers of DeepSeek's privacy policy: Data risks in the age of AI","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5126075-chinese-ai-model-raises-national-security-concerns/","name":"The Hill: DeepSeek's rise raises data privacy, national security concerns","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/researchers-chinas-deepseek-chatbot-linked-120020431.html","name":"Yahoo News: Researchers link DeepSeek's blockbuster chatbot to Chinese telecom banned from doing business in US","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"high"},{"content":"Multiple independent research groups have documented that DeepSeek's chatbot and R1 model decline to answer, or provide evasive answers to, questions on politically sensitive topics regarding the Chinese government, including the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, Taiwan's political status, and President Xi Jinping. Researchers at Northeastern University's Khoury College found that when directly asked about Tiananmen Square, DeepSeek-R1 responded that it \"didn't know how to approach\" the question, but that manipulating the model's internal reasoning process could force it to reveal that it possessed information it was otherwise suppressing, indicating deliberate alignment with Chinese government messaging rather than a simple lack of training data. A peer-reviewed-adjacent preprint (\"R1dacted\") and other academic studies have similarly catalogued patterns of topic avoidance specific to Chinese political sensitivities. Researchers have also shown that this censorship behavior can, in some cases, be reduced or removed through fine-tuning or prompt manipulation of the openly released model weights.","heading":"Political Censorship in Model Outputs","sources":[{"url":"https://www.khoury.northeastern.edu/khoury-researchers-find-political-censorship-in-chinese-ai-model-and-explain-how-to-get-around-it/","name":"Northeastern University Khoury College: Khoury researchers find political censorship in Chinese AI model","type":"research","credibility":1},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12625","name":"arXiv: R1dacted: Investigating Local Censorship in DeepSeek's R1 Language Model","type":"research","credibility":2},{"url":"https://thedispatch.com/article/yes-deepseek-provides-censored-responses-to-questions-about-china/","name":"The Dispatch: Yes, DeepSeek Provides Censored Responses to Questions About China","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"In late January 2025, Bloomberg and other outlets reported that Microsoft and OpenAI were investigating whether a group linked to DeepSeek had improperly obtained data from OpenAI's models through its API in the fall of 2024, a technique known as \"distillation\" in which one model's outputs are used to train another to mimic its capabilities. Microsoft security researchers reportedly observed unusual, large-scale data extraction activity through OpenAI developer accounts they believed were linked to DeepSeek, and OpenAI stated it was blocking accounts believed to be involved. On February 12, 2025, OpenAI submitted a memo to the US Congress's House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party alleging that DeepSeek had used distillation techniques to \"free-ride\" on the capabilities of OpenAI and other US frontier AI labs. As of this writing, these remain allegations: OpenAI and Microsoft have not published conclusive technical evidence in the public record, and DeepSeek has not issued a substantive public response confirming or denying the specific distillation claims.","heading":"Allegations of Distillation From OpenAI Models","sources":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-29/microsoft-probing-if-deepseek-linked-group-improperly-obtained-openai-data","name":"Bloomberg: Microsoft Probing If DeepSeek-Linked Group Improperly Obtained OpenAI Data","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/02/13/openai-alleges-chinas-deepseek-stole-its-intellectual-property-to-train-its-own-models/","name":"Foundation for Defense of Democracies: OpenAI Alleges China's DeepSeek Stole its Intellectual Property to Train its Own Models","type":"research","credibility":2}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following DeepSeek's disclosure that it trained its V3 model using roughly 2,048 Nvidia H800 chips — a chip whose sale to China the US Commerce Department restricted starting October 2023 — US officials and Singapore's government opened investigations into whether DeepSeek obtained export-controlled Nvidia chips through intermediaries in Singapore in violation of US export-control rules. The probe was reportedly prompted in part by an anonymous tip about servers containing Nvidia chips being rerouted from Malaysia. In February 2025, Singaporean authorities charged three men, including executives of Aperia Cloud Services, with fraud for allegedly misrepresenting the final destination of servers containing Nvidia chips. Nvidia has stated that the chips it sold in the transactions under scrutiny were fully export-compliant, and Singapore's government has said it expects US companies operating there to comply with export-control law. As of the most recent reporting, no findings have been publicly confirmed establishing that DeepSeek itself knowingly acquired smuggled chips; the matter remains under investigation and is presented here as an unresolved allegation.","heading":"Nvidia Chip / Export-Control Investigation (Singapore)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/01/deepseek-nvidia-chip-questions-singapore-responds.html","name":"CNBC: Singapore says U.S. firms should comply with export controls following DeepSeek chip questions","type":"news_article","credibility":1},{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/17/congress_demands_nvidia_explain_deepseek/","name":"The Register: Congress wants to know if Nvidia superchips slipped through Singapore to DeepSeek","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.mti.gov.sg/-/media/MTI/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2025/02/Press-statement-on-whether-DeepSeek-gained-access-to-US-exportcontrolled-chips-through-intermediarie.pdf","name":"Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry: Press statement on whether DeepSeek gained access to US export-controlled chips through intermediaries","type":"official","credibility":1}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"DeepSeek has never issued a cryptocurrency token, but its January 2025 surge in popularity was quickly followed by a wave of unaffiliated tokens on Ethereum and Solana using the DeepSeek name and branding to attract speculative buyers. Reporting identified over 75 distinct tokens falsely claiming association with DeepSeek; one such fake token reportedly reached a market capitalization near $12 million shortly after a separate phony DeepSeek-branded token was linked to an alleged $48 million rug pull, in which developers withdrew liquidity and left holders with worthless assets. Scammers reportedly set up fake websites and social media accounts to lend these tokens an appearance of legitimacy. DeepSeek has publicly stated it has not issued any cryptocurrency and operates only one official account on the X (formerly Twitter) platform, warning users to remain vigilant against such scams. These token schemes are not DeepSeek's own conduct but are relevant to potential victims searching for the company in a crypto-risk context.","heading":"Impersonation Scams: Fake \"DeepSeek\" Cryptocurrency Tokens","sources":[{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/fake-deepseek-meme-coins-scam/","name":"BeInCrypto: Fake DeepSeek Meme Coins Reach Huge Market Caps","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/303037/scammy-deepseek-ai-crypto-tokens-solana-ethereum","name":"Decrypt: Scammy DeepSeek AI Crypto Tokens Spread on Solana and Ethereum","type":"news_article","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560604537816","name":"Bitget News: Scammers Exploit DeepSeek Hype With Fake Tokens","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"critical"},{"content":"DeepSeek was founded in 2023 by Liang Wenfeng, who previously co-founded the quantitative hedge fund High-Flyer in 2015. High-Flyer built large-scale GPU computing infrastructure for algorithmic trading, accumulating thousands of Nvidia graphics processors starting around 2021 for what later became DeepSeek's AI research effort. DeepSeek released its R1 reasoning model in January 2025, triggering a sharp reassessment by markets and governments of Chinese firms' AI capabilities given the model's reported low training cost relative to US competitors. This background is included for context and is not itself an allegation of wrongdoing.","heading":"Corporate Background","sources":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Wenfeng","name":"Wikipedia: Liang Wenfeng","type":"other","credibility":2},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2025/01/28/who-is-behind-deepseek-heres-what-to-know-about-founder-liang-wenfeng/","name":"Forbes: Who Is Behind DeepSeek? Here's What To Know About Founder Liang Wenfeng","type":"news_article","credibility":2}],"severity":"low"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2023","event":"DeepSeek is founded by Liang Wenfeng, building on GPU infrastructure and research assembled through his hedge fund High-Flyer.","source":"Forbes / Wikipedia","source_url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2025/01/28/who-is-behind-deepseek-heres-what-to-know-about-founder-liang-wenfeng/"},{"date":"2025-01","event":"DeepSeek releases its R1 reasoning model, triggering global attention and a reassessment of Chinese AI capabilities.","source":"Multiple news outlets","source_url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/6/which-countries-have-banned-deepseek-and-why"},{"date":"2025-01-29","event":"Wiz Research discovers an unsecured, publicly accessible DeepSeek database exposing chat logs, API keys, and internal data.","source":"Wiz Research","source_url":"https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak","date_evidence":"Wiz Research identified a publicly accessible ClickHouse database belonging to DeepSeek on January 29, 2025"},{"date":"2025-01-29","event":"Bloomberg reports Microsoft and OpenAI are investigating whether a group linked to DeepSeek improperly obtained OpenAI model data via distillation.","source":"Bloomberg","source_url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-29/microsoft-probing-if-deepseek-linked-group-improperly-obtained-openai-data","date_evidence":"Microsoft Probing If DeepSeek-Linked Group Improperly Obtained OpenAI Data — 2025-01-29"},{"date":"2025-01","event":"Texas becomes the first US state to ban DeepSeek from government devices; other states follow in subsequent weeks.","source":"Tom's Guide / state announcements","source_url":"https://tomsguide.com/computing/online-security/deepseek-ai-banned-by-nasa-us-navy-and-more-over-privacy-concerns","date_original":"2025-01-31"},{"date":"2025-01","event":"Italy's data protection authority (Garante) orders DeepSeek to block its chatbot service to Italian users pending an investigation into personal-data handling.","source":"Privacy Laws & Business","source_url":"https://www.privacylaws.com/news/italy-and-south-korea-ban-deepseek-and-start-investigation/"},{"date":"2025-02","event":"South Korea's data protection authority suspends new DeepSeek app downloads after the company acknowledges non-compliance with local personal-data rules.","source":"Privacy Laws & Business","source_url":"https://www.privacylaws.com/news/italy-and-south-korea-ban-deepseek-and-start-investigation/"},{"date":"2025-02","event":"OpenAI submits a memo to a US Congressional committee alleging DeepSeek improperly distilled its models.","source":"Foundation for Defense of Democracies","source_url":"https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/02/13/openai-alleges-chinas-deepseek-stole-its-intellectual-property-to-train-its-own-models/","date_evidence":"OpenAI publicly released a memo to the U.S. Congress's China Select Committee on February 12 alleging that DeepSeek had stolen its intellectual property","date_original":"2025-02-12"},{"date":"2025-02-28","event":"Singapore authorities charge three men, including Aperia Cloud Services executives, with fraud over alleged misrepresentation of Nvidia chip server destinations amid the DeepSeek export-control probe.","source":"Malay Mail","source_url":"https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/singapore/2025/02/28/nvidia-chips-for-deepseekthree-men-charged-with-fraudas-singapore-comes-under-us-scrutiny/168237","date_evidence":"Nvidia chips for DeepSeek: three men charged with fraud as Singapore comes under US scrutiny — dated 2025/02/28"},{"date":"2025","event":"Fake DeepSeek-branded cryptocurrency tokens proliferate on Ethereum and Solana; reports document over 75 impersonation tokens and rug pulls, including one alleged $48 million rug pull.","source":"BeInCrypto / Decrypt","source_url":"https://beincrypto.com/fake-deepseek-meme-coins-scam/"},{"date":"2025-06","event":"Italy's antitrust authority AGCM opens a separate investigation into DeepSeek over alleged failure to warn users of the risk of inaccurate chatbot outputs.","source":"Malay Mail","source_url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/tech-gadgets/2025/06/29/global-scrutiny-grows-as-nations-curb-access-to-deepseek-amid-surveillance-and-misinformation-concerns/182027"}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak","name":"Wiz Research: Wiz Research Uncovers Exposed DeepSeek Database Leaking Sensitive Information, Including Chat History","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260905043606/https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-05T04:36:06+00:00"},{"url":"https://thehackernews.com/2025/01/deepseek-ai-database-exposed-over-1.html","name":"The Hacker News: DeepSeek AI Database Exposed","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260912005444/https://thehackernews.com/2025/01/deepseek-ai-database-exposed-over-1.html","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-12T00:54:44+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/deepseek-exposes-database-with-over-1-million-chat-records/","name":"BleepingComputer: DeepSeek exposes database with over 1 million chat records","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260726001612/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/deepseek-exposes-database-with-over-1-million-chat-records/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-26T00:16:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.privacylaws.com/news/italy-and-south-korea-ban-deepseek-and-start-investigation/","name":"Privacy Laws & Business: Italy and South Korea ban DeepSeek and start investigation","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260923005558/https://www.privacylaws.com/news/italy-and-south-korea-ban-deepseek-and-start-investigation/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-23T00:55:58+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/6/which-countries-have-banned-deepseek-and-why","name":"Al Jazeera: Which countries have banned DeepSeek and why?","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260905151127/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/6/which-countries-have-banned-deepseek-and-why","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-05T15:11:27+00:00"},{"url":"https://tomsguide.com/computing/online-security/deepseek-ai-banned-by-nasa-us-navy-and-more-over-privacy-concerns","name":"Tom's Guide: DeepSeek AI banned by NASA, US Navy, and more over privacy concerns","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260606050323/https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/online-security/deepseek-ai-banned-by-nasa-us-navy-and-more-over-privacy-concerns","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-06-06T05:03:23+00:00"},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/factbox-governments-regulators-increase-scrutiny-095326244.html","name":"Yahoo Finance (Reuters): Factbox-Governments, regulators increase scrutiny of DeepSeek","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260108030403/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/factbox-governments-regulators-increase-scrutiny-095326244.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-01-08T03:04:03+00:00"},{"url":"https://cdn.deepseek.com/policies/en-US/deepseek-privacy-policy.html","name":"DeepSeek official privacy policy","type":"official","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260912224651/https://cdn.deepseek.com/policies/en-US/deepseek-privacy-policy.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-12T22:46:51+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/101374-dangers-of-deepseeks-privacy-policy-data-risks-in-the-age-of-ai","name":"Security Magazine: Dangers of DeepSeek's privacy policy","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260411165719/https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/101374-dangers-of-deepseeks-privacy-policy-data-risks-in-the-age-of-ai","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-11T16:57:19+00:00"},{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5126075-chinese-ai-model-raises-national-security-concerns/","name":"The Hill: DeepSeek's rise raises data privacy, national security concerns","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250219045926/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5126075-chinese-ai-model-raises-national-security-concerns/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2025-02-19T04:59:26+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/researchers-chinas-deepseek-chatbot-linked-120020431.html","name":"Yahoo News: Researchers link DeepSeek's chatbot to Chinese telecom banned from doing business in US","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260923005830/https://www.yahoo.com/news/researchers-chinas-deepseek-chatbot-linked-120020431.html","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-23T00:58:30+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.khoury.northeastern.edu/khoury-researchers-find-political-censorship-in-chinese-ai-model-and-explain-how-to-get-around-it/","name":"Northeastern University Khoury College: political censorship research","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260912080815/https://www.khoury.northeastern.edu/khoury-researchers-find-political-censorship-in-chinese-ai-model-and-explain-how-to-get-around-it/","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-12T08:08:15+00:00"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12625","name":"arXiv: R1dacted","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260828084051/https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12625","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-28T08:40:51+00:00"},{"url":"https://thedispatch.com/article/yes-deepseek-provides-censored-responses-to-questions-about-china/","name":"The Dispatch: Yes, DeepSeek Provides Censored Responses to Questions About China","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260526173003/https://thedispatch.com/article/yes-deepseek-provides-censored-responses-to-questions-about-china/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-26T17:30:03+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-29/microsoft-probing-if-deepseek-linked-group-improperly-obtained-openai-data","name":"Bloomberg: Microsoft Probing If DeepSeek-Linked Group Improperly Obtained OpenAI Data","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260514235909/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-29/microsoft-probing-if-deepseek-linked-group-improperly-obtained-openai-data","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-14T23:59:09+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/02/13/openai-alleges-chinas-deepseek-stole-its-intellectual-property-to-train-its-own-models/","name":"Foundation for Defense of Democracies: OpenAI Alleges China's DeepSeek Stole its IP","type":"research","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260906234335/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/02/13/openai-alleges-chinas-deepseek-stole-its-intellectual-property-to-train-its-own-models/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-06T23:43:35+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/01/deepseek-nvidia-chip-questions-singapore-responds.html","name":"CNBC: Singapore says U.S. firms should comply with export controls","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250806053936/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/01/deepseek-nvidia-chip-questions-singapore-responds.html","credibility":1,"archive_timestamp":"2025-08-06T05:39:36+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/17/congress_demands_nvidia_explain_deepseek/","name":"The Register: Congress wants to know if Nvidia superchips slipped through Singapore to DeepSeek","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260323043328/https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/17/congress_demands_nvidia_explain_deepseek/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-03-23T04:33:28+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.mti.gov.sg/-/media/MTI/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2025/02/Press-statement-on-whether-DeepSeek-gained-access-to-US-exportcontrolled-chips-through-intermediarie.pdf","name":"Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry press statement","type":"official","archive_url":null,"credibility":1,"archive_error":"error:not-found","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/singapore/2025/02/28/nvidia-chips-for-deepseekthree-men-charged-with-fraudas-singapore-comes-under-us-scrutiny/168237","name":"Malay Mail: Nvidia chips for DeepSeek — three men charged with fraud","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/fake-deepseek-meme-coins-scam/","name":"BeInCrypto: Fake DeepSeek Meme Coins Reach Huge Market Caps","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/303037/scammy-deepseek-ai-crypto-tokens-solana-ethereum","name":"Decrypt: Scammy DeepSeek AI Crypto Tokens Spread on Solana and Ethereum","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260922231242/https://decrypt.co/303037/scammy-deepseek-ai-crypto-tokens-solana-ethereum","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-22T23:12:42+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560604537816","name":"Bitget News: Scammers Exploit DeepSeek Hype With Fake Tokens","type":"news_article","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260922231921/https://www.bitget.com/news/detail/12560604537816","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-22T23:19:21+00:00"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Wenfeng","name":"Wikipedia: Liang Wenfeng","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260918075945/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Wenfeng","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-09-18T07:59:45+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2025/01/28/who-is-behind-deepseek-heres-what-to-know-about-founder-liang-wenfeng/","name":"Forbes: Who Is Behind DeepSeek? Here's What To Know About Founder Liang Wenfeng","type":"news_article","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260430133557/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2025/01/28/who-is-behind-deepseek-heres-what-to-know-about-founder-liang-wenfeng/","credibility":2,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-30T13:35:57+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/tech-gadgets/2025/06/29/global-scrutiny-grows-as-nations-curb-access-to-deepseek-amid-surveillance-and-misinformation-concerns/182027","name":"Malay Mail: Global scrutiny grows as nations curb access to DeepSeek","type":"news_article","archive_url":null,"credibility":2,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null}],"source_tags":[],"addresses":[],"reviewed":false,"reviewed_by":null,"model_used":"claude-code-investigator","created_at":"2026-09-22T22:23:41.461445+00:00","updated_at":"2026-09-23T02:23:09.102225+00:00"}}