{"investigation":{"slug":"cream-lending","entity_name":"CREAM Lending","trust_score":0,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":-10,"confidence":0.91,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"C.R.E.A.M. Finance (Crypto Rules Everything Around Me) is a decentralized lending and borrowing protocol launched in August 2020, forked from Compound Finance. The protocol suffered three major exploits in 2021 totaling approximately $185 million in losses, making it one of the most frequently and severely hacked DeFi protocols in history. On-chain investigator ZachXBT flagged the protocol and its founders, and the CREAM token has collapsed more than 99% from its all-time high.","sections":[{"content":"C.R.E.A.M. Finance (Crypto Rules Everything Around Me) is a decentralized, permissionless lending protocol launched on Ethereum on August 3, 2020, and subsequently deployed on Binance Smart Chain and Fantom. The protocol was forked from Compound Finance and allows users to lend and borrow a broad range of crypto assets. It was co-founded by Jeffrey Huang (also known as 'Machi Big Brother') and Leo Cheng. Leo Cheng holds an MBA from the University of Michigan and previously worked at Apple, American Express, and Belkin. Jeffrey Huang is a serial entrepreneur who also founded the Mithril (MITH) social media platform and co-founded Machi X, an NFT marketplace. The protocol introduced a sub-product called the Iron Bank, which provides uncollateralized lending to whitelisted smart contract protocols — a feature that became a direct vector for one of its largest exploits.","heading":"Protocol Overview","sources":[{"url":"https://coinbureau.com/review/cream-finance","name":"coinbureau.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://phemex.com/academy/what-is-cream-finance","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/cream-finance-third-largest-exploit","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On February 13, 2021, CREAM Finance's Iron Bank feature was exploited in conjunction with Alpha Homora V2, resulting in approximately $37.5 million in losses. The Iron Bank provides uncollateralized loans to whitelisted smart contract protocols; in this instance, Alpha Homora V2 was a whitelisted counterparty. The attacker identified an unreleased sUSD pool within Alpha Homora's contracts and became the sole lender, then recursively borrowed ETH from CREAM's Iron Bank against a growing sUSD debt position using flash loans. The attacker borrowed 13,244 ETH ($23.8 million), $3.6 million USDC, $5.6 million USDT, and $4.2 million DAI. The entire exploit cost approximately $14,754 in gas fees. Following the attack, the hacker returned small amounts to both Iron Bank and Alpha Homora deployer addresses, and sent funds through Tornado Cash. CREAM and ALPHA token prices fell approximately 30% following disclosure. The bad debt generated between the two protocols remained unresolved for an extended period.","heading":"Hack 1 — Iron Bank Exploit via Alpha Homora (February 2021, ~$37.5M)","sources":[{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/57660/a-37-million-defi-heist-cost-attackers-just-15000-in-transaction-fees","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coingape.com/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/","name":"coingape.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On August 30, 2021, CREAM Finance was exploited a second time via a reentrancy vulnerability created by its integration of the AMP token. AMP implements the ERC-777 token standard, which includes a callback mechanism — the _callPostTransfersHook hook — that triggers a tokensReceived() function in the calling contract during token transfers. The attacker's malicious contract weaponized this callback by issuing a second borrow() call within tokensReceived() before the first borrow's state update completed, allowing repeated extraction of assets beyond permitted limits. The attacker drained 2,804.96 ETH and 462,079,976 AMP tokens. Estimates of the dollar value at time of exploit ranged between $18.8 million and $25–30 million, with the AMP token price declining approximately 15% on disclosure, compressing the final realized value. Security analysts noted that the AMP contract itself functioned as designed — the vulnerability arose from CREAM's failure to account for ERC-777 callback risks during its integration review. A copycat attacker subsequently used the same technique in a secondary theft. The Register and Yahoo Finance both reported on this incident independently.","heading":"Hack 2 — AMP Token Reentrancy Exploit (August 2021, ~$18–25M)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-august-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/31/cream_finance_theft","name":"theregister.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/defi-protocol-cream-finance-exploited-015120517.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://slowmist.medium.com/slowmist-brief-analysis-of-cream-finance-hacked-event-30b18e1db8c","name":"slowmist.medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On October 27, 2021, CREAM Finance suffered its largest and third exploit of the year — the third-largest DeFi hack recorded at the time — losing approximately $130 million. The attack was executed by two coordinated attacker addresses that interacted with CREAM's yUSDVault. Address A obtained a 500 million DAI flash loan from MakerDAO; Address B obtained a large ETH flash loan from Aave. Both addresses deposited funds into Curve's yPool to generate yDAI, then into Yearn's yUSD vault to mint yUSD, and subsequently into CREAM to mint crYUSD tokens through repeated deposit-borrow loops. The attacker then redeemed approximately $500 million in yUSD from the vault, dramatically reducing the vault's total supply from a large baseline to approximately $8 million. A subsequent $8 million deposit caused CREAM's PriceOracleProxy to effectively double the perceived value of remaining yUSDVault shares. This inflated Address A's collateral valuation to approximately $3 billion in crYUSD, allowing the attacker to drain CREAM's entire $130 million in available lending liquidity by borrowing and defaulting. Stolen assets included over 2,760 ETH, 76 BTC across multiple wrappers, and tens of millions in stablecoins. The exploit involved 68 different assets and cost over 9 ETH in gas. CREAM subsequently posted a message to the attacker on-chain offering a 10% bounty and writing 'you win. we're rekt. please return funds.' No funds were returned. Bloomberg, CoinDesk, The Block, and Recorded Future all independently confirmed the loss.","heading":"Hack 3 — Flash Loan Oracle Manipulation (October 2021, ~$130M)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-october-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/10/27/cream-finance-exploited-in-flash-loan-attack-worth-over-100m","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/122241/ethereum-defi-protocol-cream-finance-hacked-for-115-million","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://therecord.media/hackers-steal-130-million-from-cream-finance-the-companys-3rd-hack-this-year","name":"therecord.media","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-27/defi-protocol-cream-finance-loses-130-million-in-latest-hack","name":"bloomberg.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/84590/cream-finance-suffers-third-hack-losing-over-130-million","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/immunefi/hack-analysis-cream-finance-oct-2021-fc222d913fc5","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://rekt.news/cream-rekt-2","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"CREAM Finance was exploited three times within a single calendar year (2021), across fundamentally different attack vectors — uncollateralized lending logic abuse, ERC-777 reentrancy, and oracle price manipulation — suggesting systemic security deficiencies rather than isolated incidents. Security researchers noted that the August 2021 reentrancy exploit could have been identified through a complete audit of third-party token integrations, particularly tokens implementing non-standard callback mechanisms such as ERC-777. The protocol did commission audits, including one from Trail of Bits in January 2021; however, critics noted the audit focused narrowly on changes from the Compound fork and did not cover economic attack vectors. The October 2021 attack exploited a price oracle design flaw in the yUSDVault integration. The Decrypt and Immunefi post-mortems both noted that CREAM's rapid expansion to support a wide range of assets — a competitive differentiator — increased the protocol's overall attack surface without commensurate security investment. Following the October 2021 hack, Decrypt reported that CREAM's message to the attacker ('you win. we're rekt.') reflected the severity of the protocol's position.","heading":"Security Practices and Pattern of Negligence","sources":[{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-august-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/84590/cream-finance-suffers-third-hack-losing-over-130-million","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://medium.com/immunefi/hack-analysis-cream-finance-oct-2021-fc222d913fc5","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/31/cream_finance_theft","name":"theregister.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the October 2021 hack, CREAM Finance announced a compensation plan in November 2021 that called for issuing 1.45 million CREAM tokens from the protocol treasury to affected users. At the time, only approximately 150,000 CREAM tokens were in circulation out of a 9 million total supply, meaning the compensation plan would dramatically expand circulating supply. CoinDesk reported that the announcement caused CREAM to drop from approximately $88 to a low of $51.78. Prior to the October exploit, CREAM had traded above $152. The compensation was paid in CREAM tokens rather than in the underlying assets lost (ETH, stablecoins), which critics noted imposed additional mark-to-market risk on victims. The protocol's all-time high of $373.16 was reached on February 4, 2021; the token subsequently declined more than 99% from that peak.","heading":"Hack Compensation and Token Supply Inflation","sources":[{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/11/14/cream-plunges-on-news-that-hack-compensation-will-inflate-token-supply","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cream-finance/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On-chain investigator ZachXBT published an article on June 16, 2022, titled '22,000 ETH Embezzled and Over Ten Projects Failed: The Story of Machi Big Brother (Jeff Huang),' alleging that CREAM co-founder Jeffrey Huang had embezzled 22,000 ETH (approximately $37 million at the time) from Formosa Financial, a treasury management platform, in 2018. The article also listed CREAM Finance among over ten alleged failed or problematic projects associated with Huang. On June 17, 2023, Huang filed a defamation lawsuit against ZachXBT in a U.S. court, disputing the embezzlement characterization and asserting he was not involved with CREAM at the time of the 2021 exploits. Huang's attorneys argued that 'he did not embezzle funds from the Formosa Financial project' and that 'he also never had control of any Formosa Financial funds.' The lawsuit also objected to ZachXBT's characterization of the number and severity of CREAM exploits, and alleged ZachXBT initially omitted that certain stolen funds had been returned. On August 15, 2023, both parties announced the lawsuit had been dropped by mutual agreement. ZachXBT subsequently updated the article title from '22,000 ETH Embezzled...' to 'A Story of Machi Big Brother (Jeff Huang)' and replaced the word 'embezzled' with less definitive language, adding additional context from Huang. The Block and Blockworks both confirmed the withdrawal. The underlying allegations regarding CREAM's exploits and failed projects were not formally adjudicated.","heading":"ZachXBT Investigation and Jeffrey Huang Defamation Lawsuit","sources":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@investigationsbyzachxbt/22-000-eth-embezzled-and-over-ten-projects-failed-the-story-of-machi-big-brother-jeff-huang-a1ad073fcfa8","name":"medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/235220/crypto-sleuth-zachxbt-sued-for-defamation","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://blockworks.co/news/jeffrey-huang-zachxbt-defamation","name":"blockworks.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/244776/jeffrey-machi-big-brother-huang-drops-defamation-suit-against-crypto-sleuth-zachxbt","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/machi-big-brother-withdraws-defamation-lawsuit-against-zachxbt","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://nftnow.com/news/nft-pro-trader-machi-big-brother-files-defamation-suit-against-web3-sleuth-zachxbt/","name":"nftnow.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"The CREAM token reached an all-time high of $373.16 on February 4, 2021. By late 2025, the token had declined to an all-time low of approximately $0.71, representing a decline of over 99.8% from peak. As of available data, CREAM's market capitalization has fallen below $2 million. The protocol's total value locked (TVL) declined sharply following the 2021 exploits. CoinMarketCap and CoinDesk data confirm the token remains listed and minimally traded on some exchanges. The protocol's GitHub repository remains available, and it continues to list deployments on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Fantom, though meaningful user activity is not documented in available sources. The Web3 Is Going Great index, which tracks DeFi incidents, lists CREAM Finance with three separate entries covering its 2021 exploits.","heading":"Token Performance and Current Status","sources":[{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cream-finance/","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/11/14/cream-plunges-on-news-that-hack-compensation-will-inflate-token-supply","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.web3isgoinggreat.com/?collection=cream","name":"web3isgoinggreat.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2020-08-03","event":"CREAM Finance launches on Ethereum, forked from Compound Finance, co-founded by Jeffrey Huang and Leo Cheng.","source":""},{"date":"2021-02-04","event":"CREAM token reaches all-time high of $373.16.","source":""},{"date":"2021-02-13","event":"Hack 1: CREAM Finance Iron Bank exploited via Alpha Homora V2 uncollateralized lending vulnerability. Approximately $37.5 million lost across ETH, USDC, USDT, and DAI. CREAM and ALPHA tokens fall ~30%.","source":""},{"date":"2021-08-30","event":"Hack 2: CREAM Finance exploited via ERC-777 reentrancy vulnerability in AMP token integration. Approximately 2,804 ETH and 462 million AMP tokens drained, worth $18.8–25 million. AMP token price falls ~15%.","source":""},{"date":"2021-10-27","event":"Hack 3: CREAM Finance suffers largest exploit — approximately $130 million drained via flash loan oracle price manipulation against yUSDVault. Third-largest DeFi hack recorded at the time. CREAM token falls over 30%.","source":""},{"date":"2021-10-27","event":"CREAM Finance posts on-chain message to attacker: 'you win. we're rekt. please return funds.' A 10% bounty offer yields no recovery.","source":""},{"date":"2021-11-14","event":"CREAM announces hack compensation plan: 1.45 million CREAM tokens to be issued from treasury, dramatically expanding circulating supply. Token drops from ~$88 to ~$51.","source":""},{"date":"2022-06-16","event":"ZachXBT publishes article alleging CREAM co-founder Jeffrey Huang (Machi Big Brother) misappropriated 22,000 ETH from Formosa Financial. ZachXBT retracted this allegation in August 2023.","source":""},{"date":"2022-09-12","event":"CoinDesk reports CREAM Finance exploiter converts $1.75 million in stolen funds to Bitcoin, indicating laundering activity continues more than a year after the October 2021 hack.","source":""},{"date":"2023-06-17","event":"Jeffrey Huang files defamation lawsuit against ZachXBT over the June 2022 article.","source":""},{"date":"2023-08-15","event":"Huang withdraws his defamation lawsuit against ZachXBT by mutual agreement. ZachXBT amends the article, removing the misappropriation allegation and the 'ten failed projects' claim. No court ruling was made on the merits.","source":""},{"date":"2025-12-30","event":"CREAM token reaches all-time low of approximately $0.71, down more than 99.8% from its 2021 peak.","source":""}],"sources_used":[{"url":"https://coinbureau.com/review/cream-finance","name":"coinbureau.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260513223212/https://coinbureau.com/review/cream-finance","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:32:12+00:00"},{"url":"https://phemex.com/academy/what-is-cream-finance","name":"phemex.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260830091123/https://phemex.com/academy/what-is-cream-finance","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-30T09:11:23+00:00"},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/news/hacks/cream-finance-third-largest-exploit","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://thedefiant.io/cream-and-alpha-finance-get-hacked-for-37-5m","name":"thedefiant.io","type":"other","archive_url":null,"credibility":3,"archive_error":"error:no-request","archive_status":"unarchivable","archive_timestamp":null},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724221457/https://cointelegraph.com/news/alpha-homora-loses-37-million-following-iron-bank-exploit","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T22:14:57+00:00"},{"url":"https://decrypt.co/57660/a-37-million-defi-heist-cost-attackers-just-15000-in-transaction-fees","name":"decrypt.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260508081309/https://decrypt.co/57660/a-37-million-defi-heist-cost-attackers-just-15000-in-transaction-fees","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-08T08:13:09+00:00"},{"url":"https://coingape.com/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/","name":"coingape.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260829191445/https://coingape.com/cream-finance-gets-exploited-for-37-5-million/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-29T19:14:45+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-august-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260516230702/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-august-2021","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-05-16T23:07:02+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/31/cream_finance_theft","name":"theregister.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251017012053/https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/31/cream_finance_theft/","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-10-17T01:20:53+00:00"},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/defi-protocol-cream-finance-exploited-015120517.html","name":"finance.yahoo.com","type":"other","archive_url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260830130010/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/defi-protocol-cream-finance-exploited-015120517.html","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-08-30T13:00:10+00:00"},{"url":"https://slowmist.medium.com/slowmist-brief-analysis-of-cream-finance-hacked-event-30b18e1db8c","name":"slowmist.medium.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20250909132223/https://slowmist.medium.com/slowmist-brief-analysis-of-cream-finance-hacked-event-30b18e1db8c","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-09-09T13:22:23+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-october-2021","name":"halborn.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260414125531/https://www.halborn.com/blog/post/explained-the-cream-finance-hack-october-2021","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-04-14T12:55:31+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/10/27/cream-finance-exploited-in-flash-loan-attack-worth-over-100m","name":"coindesk.com","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20251117221135/https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/10/27/cream-finance-exploited-in-flash-loan-attack-worth-over-100m","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2025-11-17T22:11:35+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/122241/ethereum-defi-protocol-cream-finance-hacked-for-115-million","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260719162231/https://www.theblock.co/post/122241/ethereum-defi-protocol-cream-finance-hacked-for-115-million","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-19T16:22:31+00:00"},{"url":"https://therecord.media/hackers-steal-130-million-from-cream-finance-the-companys-3rd-hack-this-year","name":"therecord.media","type":"other","archive_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20260724232349/https://therecord.media/hackers-steal-130-million-from-cream-finance-the-companys-3rd-hack-this-year","credibility":3,"archive_timestamp":"2026-07-24T23:23:49+00:00"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-27/defi-protocol-cream-finance-loses-130-million-in-latest-hack","name":"bloomberg.com","type":"other","archive_ur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