{"investigation":{"slug":"arcadia-v2","entity_name":"Arcadia V2","trust_score":28,"severity_base":null,"score_modifier":0,"confidence":0.82,"status":"published","content_type":"investigation","summary":"Arcadia V2 is a non-custodial leverage farming and liquidity management protocol operating primarily on Base, developed by Belgium-based Arcadia Finance (founded 2021, backed by Coinbase Ventures). The protocol has suffered two serious security exploits: a July 2023 reentrancy attack on its V1 codebase draining approximately $455K across Ethereum and Optimism, and a more severe July 2025 arbitrary calldata exploit on V2's Rebalancer contract that drained approximately $3.6M on Base despite multiple prior audits. ZachXBT has flagged the protocol as a high-risk entity given this pattern of repeated critical security failures.","sections":[{"content":"On July 10, 2023, Arcadia Finance's V1 protocol was exploited on both Ethereum and Optimism, resulting in the theft of approximately $459,030. Blockchain security firm PeckShield identified and publicly disclosed the breach. The root cause was a missing reentrancy guard on the liquidateVault() function within the Vault smart contract. During a vaultManagementAction() call, an attacker could reenter the vault via the path LendingPool -> Liquidator -> Vault, triggering liquidation of a vault that still held zero assets and non-zero debt, thereby bypassing the collateral health check entirely. The attacker used flash loans to withdraw vault assets, called liquidateVault() during the multi-call phase to trigger reentrancy, eliminated debt through the resulting liquidation, and passed final health checks with zero assets and zero liabilities — obtaining funds without repayment obligation. On Ethereum, approximately $123,758 was stolen (103,200 USDC + 11.05 ETH); on Optimism, approximately $335,271 was stolen (59,427 USDC + 148.22 ETH). The Optimism attacker bridged 180 ETH and laundered the majority through Tornado Cash. The Ethereum attacker left approximately $100,000 in their wallet. Arcadia Finance paused all contracts and engaged BlockSec, Hexagate, and PeckShield for forensic analysis. The team issued an on-chain message demanding fund return within 24 hours and threatening law enforcement action. They claimed to have identified links between the attacker's addresses and other known protocol exploits. No funds were recovered. Following the exploit, Arcadia Finance's total value locked (TVL) dropped 76%, from approximately $605,000 to $144,000. PeckShield noted a secondary vulnerability: lack of untrusted input validation, which allowed draining of both darcWETH and darcUSDC vaults.","heading":"July 2023 Reentrancy Exploit (V1 — $455K on Ethereum and Optimism)","sources":[{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/arcadia-finance-hacked-on-ethereum-and-optimism-for-455k","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://arcadiafinance.medium.com/post-mortem-72e9d24a79b0","name":"arcadiafinance.medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/defi-platform-arcadia-finance-falls-victim-455k-hack-ethereum-optimism/","name":"cryptonews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://beincrypto.com/defi-arcadia-finance-exploited-455000-tvl/","name":"beincrypto.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptobriefing.com/defi-protocol-hack-drains-455k/","name":"cryptobriefing.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/arcadia-finance-lost-dollar455k-in-hack-exploiter-contacted","name":"coinmarketcap.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On July 15, 2025, Arcadia V2 on the Base network was exploited through an arbitrary calldata injection vulnerability in its Rebalancer contract, resulting in losses of approximately $3.6 million. The attack began on July 14, 2025 at 10:58 PM UTC when the attacker funded their wallet via Tornado Cash on Ethereum, followed by a bridging operation to Base approximately 30 minutes later. At 4:03 AM UTC on July 15, the attacker deployed a malicious contract on Base and triggered the exploit within a single minute of deployment. The vulnerability resided in the call chain: RebalancerSpot.rebalance() -> AccountV1.flashAction() -> actionTarget.executeAction() -> _swap() -> router.call(data). Critical parameters decoded from swapData — specifically the actionTarget and router addresses — received no validation throughout this execution path. The attacker set actionTarget to RebalancerSpot to enable reentrancy and directed router to target a victim account (0x9529e5988ced568898566782e88012cf11c3ec99), executing arbitrary operations within the victim's account context. The attacker first repaid 14.4 WBTC of a victim's debt to pass subsequent health checks. CertiK initially reported suspicious activity flagging a $1.6 million drain, and a second attack wave brought total losses to approximately $3.5-3.6 million across more than a dozen transactions. Stolen assets included USDC, USDS, Aerodrome tokens, and Slipstream LP NFTs. Funds were swapped to approximately 1,203 ETH (~$3.6M) via 1inch and bridged from Base to Ethereum through Across Protocol and Relay. Arcadia Finance paused all contracts, advised users to revoke asset manager permissions and disable rebalancer and compounder automations, and offered the attacker a 10% white-hat bounty (approximately $360K) in exchange for returning 90% of funds within 24 hours. The bounty offer was not accepted. The AAA token dropped approximately 46% in the immediate aftermath and reached a price of approximately $0.18, compared to its all-time high of $1.71 on April 10, 2025 — a decline of approximately 89% from ATH.","heading":"July 2025 Arbitrary Calldata Exploit (V2 — ~$3.6M on Base)","sources":[{"url":"https://www.certik.com/resources/blog/arcadia-incident-analysis-arbitrary-swapData","name":"certik.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://rekt.news/arcadiafi-rekt","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptonews.com/news/hackers-drain-2-5m-from-arcadia-finance-on-base-blockchain-heres-what-happened/","name":"cryptonews.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.theblock.co/post/362624/arcadia-hack","name":"theblock.co","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://revoke.cash/exploits/arcadia-finance","name":"revoke.cash","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/coinbased-backed-arcadia-finance-offers-hacker-bounty/","name":"dlnews.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Arcadia V2 underwent an extensive audit program prior to the July 2025 exploit, including reviews by Trust Security (Q4 2023), Renascence (Q1 2024 and Q2 2024), Pashov Audit Group (Q1 2024 and Q3 2024), and multiple Sherlock audit contests (Q1 2024, Q2 2024, Q3 2025). Despite this multi-firm coverage, the critical Rebalancer contract vulnerability that enabled the 2025 exploit was not surfaced as a reportable finding. The Rekt.news post-mortem revealed that Pashov Audit Group had internally flagged the unchecked call pattern in SwapLogic._swapViaRouter() as a potential attack vector during one of their reviews, but dismissed the finding after being unable to construct an exploit scenario involving a registered Account being used against itself mid-rebalance. The internal finding was closed and never communicated to the Arcadia team. Additionally, the Rebalancer contract was excluded from scope in three of the four audits that covered V2. The Olympix and Guardrail security firms subsequently published analyses arguing that the specific call path — actionTarget set to RebalancerSpot enabling reentrancy, with router targeting a victim account — should have been identified under standard invariant and fuzzing test frameworks. This pattern of an audited contract being exploited through a known-but-dismissed finding raises material questions about the adequacy of DeFi audit coverage for composable contract architectures.","heading":"Audit Failure Pattern: Missed Critical Vulnerabilities Across Multiple Firms","sources":[{"url":"https://rekt.news/arcadiafi-rekt","name":"rekt.news","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://docs.arcadia.finance/security-and-risk/audits","name":"docs.arcadia.finance","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://olympix.security/blog/arcadias-3-6m-exploit-and-how-olympix-would-have-prevented-it","name":"olympix.security","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.guardrail.ai/blog/arcadia-finance-hack-july-2025","name":"guardrail.ai","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.quillaudits.com/blog/hack-analysis/arcadia-finance-hack-analysis","name":"quillaudits.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"On-chain investigator ZachXBT has flagged Arcadia V2 as a high-risk entity. The flag is consistent with Arcadia's pattern of repeated critical security failures and the laundering of stolen funds through Tornado Cash in the 2023 incident. The Outlookbusiness coverage of the 2023 hack explicitly noted that ZachXBT's research was cited in a concurrent Canadian NFT rug pull class-action lawsuit, underscoring his role as a credible monitor of the DeFi security landscape. Arcadia Finance is backed by Coinbase Ventures and joined the Circle Alliance in late June 2025, approximately two weeks before the $3.6M V2 exploit. These institutional relationships add credibility to the legitimate intent of the founders (Jasper Van Pee, CTO/Co-Founder, and Thomas Smets, Co-Founder, based in Mechelen, Belgium) but did not prevent repeated smart contract failures. Two distinct critical exploits affecting two protocol generations across three chains (Ethereum, Optimism, and Base), combined with the TVL impact and AAA token price collapse, constitute the primary basis for the elevated risk rating.","heading":"ZachXBT Flag and Broader Risk Context","sources":[{"url":"https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/latest-crypto-news-hacker-drains-455k-from-arcadia-s-ethereum-optimism-vaults-zachxbt-s-research-cited-in-canadian-nft-rug-pull-class-action-lawsuit-news-301762","name":"outlookbusiness.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/arcadia-finance-exploit-2-5m-crypto-theft","name":"cointelegraph.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coinspeaker.com/arcadia-finance-hacked-for-2-5m-can-it-recover/","name":"coinspeaker.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Arcadia Finance was founded in 2021 and is headquartered in Mechelen, Belgium. Co-founders are Jasper Van Pee (CTO) and Thomas Smets. The protocol enables non-custodial, composable cross-margin accounts on-chain, initially supporting yield-bearing asset management across Ethereum and Optimism (V1), and expanding to Base with V2. V2 introduced Optimistic Actions allowing borrowing and asset management with DeFi composability, automated rebalancing, and a Yield Optimizer. As of mid-2026, Arcadia V2 has approximately $7.16M in TVL, predominantly on Base ($7.07M), with small positions on Optimism ($88K) and Unichain ($88K). The protocol launched the AAA governance token in April 2025 via an IDO on Fjord launchpad at a $0.25 sale price, with a total fixed supply of 100,000,000 tokens. Core team holds 20% (4-year vest from TGE), investors 15% (1-year vest), treasury 15%, and community 50% over 3 years. Investors include Coinbase Ventures, Global Founders Capital, No Limit Holdings, Psalion, Keyrock, Fasanara Capital, and various angel investors. The protocol maintains a HackenProof bug bounty program.","heading":"Protocol Overview and Background","sources":[{"url":"https://arcadiafinance.medium.com/introducing-arcadia-v2-79ee345af20b","name":"arcadiafinance.medium.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://defillama.com/protocol/arcadia-v2","name":"defillama.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/arcadia-finance","name":"crunchbase.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://docs.arcadia.finance/governance/tokenomics","name":"docs.arcadia.finance","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://icodrops.com/arcadia-finance/","name":"icodrops.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://hackenproof.com/companies/arcadia-finance","name":"hackenproof.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"},{"content":"Following the July 2023 V1 exploit, Arcadia's TVL dropped 76% from approximately $605,000 to $144,000. V2 was launched in Q1 2024 and rebuilt TVL significantly on Base, reaching a peak on the order of tens of millions of dollars. After the July 2025 $3.6M V2 exploit, reported TVL declined materially. As of the time of this investigation, DeFiLlama reports Arcadia V2 TVL at approximately $7.16M. The AAA governance token launched at $0.25 during its April 2025 IDO, reached an all-time high of $1.71 on April 10, 2025, and traded at approximately $0.18 in the weeks following the July 2025 hack — a decline of approximately 89% from its ATH. Arcadia offered a 10% white-hat bounty (~$360K) for return of the stolen $3.6M; the attacker did not comply.","heading":"TVL and Token Impact","sources":[{"url":"https://defillama.com/protocol/arcadia-v2","name":"defillama.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/arcadia","name":"coingecko.com","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://cryptorank.io/price/arcadia-finance","name":"cryptorank.io","type":"other","credibility":3},{"url":"https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/coinbased-backed-arcadia-finance-offers-hacker-bounty/","name":"dlnews.com","type":"other","credibility":3}],"severity":"medium"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2021","event":"Arcadia Finance founded in Mechelen, Belgium by Jasper Van Pee and Thomas Smets.","source":"","date_original":"2021-01-01"},{"date":"2023-07-10","event":"V1 protocol exploited on Ethereum and Optimism via reentrancy attack on liquidateVault() function; approximately $459,030 stolen. PeckShield identifies the attack. Optimism attacker launders ~180 ETH via Tornado Cash.","source":""},{"date":"2023-07-10","event":"Arcadia Finance pauses all contracts, issues on-chain message to attacker demanding return of funds within 24 hours. No funds recovered. TVL drops 76%.","source":""},{"date":"2023-10","event":"Arcadia partners with Trust Security for first V2 security review.","source":"","date_original":"2023-10-01"},{"date":"2024","event":"Arcadia V2 audit program begins: Renascence, Pashov Audit Group, and Sherlock contest all review complete V2 codebase in Q1 2024. Pashov internally flags but does not report a vulnerability in SwapLogic._swapViaRouter().","source":"","date_original":"2024-01-01"},{"date":"2024","event":"Arcadia V2 targets Q1 2024 launch on Base (announced as goal, not confirmed release date).","source":"","date_original":"2024-01-01"},{"date":"2024-04","event":"Sherlock audit contest covers Aerodrome Asset Modules for Arcadia V2 (Q2 2024).","source":"","date_original":"2024-04-01"},{"date":"2025-03-12","event":"Arcadia Finance announces public token sale for $AAA on Fjord launchpad.","source":""},{"date":"2025-04-10","event":"AAA Token Generation Event (TGE) completed. AAA reaches all-time high of $1.71 on day of TGE.","source":""},{"date":"2025-06","event":"Arcadia Finance joins the Circle Alliance.","source":"","date_original":"2025-06-01"},{"date":"2025-07-14","event":"Attacker funds wallet via Tornado Cash on Ethereum at 10:58 PM UTC; bridges funds to Base approximately 30 minutes later.","source":""},{"date":"2025-07-15","event":"Arcadia V2 Rebalancer contract exploited on Base at 4:03 AM UTC via arbitrary swapData calldata injection. Approximately $3.6M (USDC, USDS, Aerodrome, Slipstream LP NFTs) drained across multiple transactions. CertiK and Cyvers raise initial on-chain alarms.","source":""},{"date":"2025-07-15","event":"Arcadia Finance pauses all contracts, advises users to revoke approvals and disable automations. Offers attacker 10% bounty (~$360K) for 90% fund return within 24 hours. Attacker does not respond.","source":""},{"date":"2025-07-15","event":"AAA token drops approximately 46% in trading following the hack disclosure.","source":""},{"date":"2025-07-15","event":"Stolen funds (approximately 1,203 ETH) bridged from Base to Ethereum via Across Protocol and 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